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MCAT > Anything else from AAMC not tests > Flashcards

Anything else from AAMC not tests Flashcards

1
Q

Two main factors that affect blood pressure in heart

A

Cardiac output: amount of blood pumped over time

Resistance: sphincters, arteries, arterioles

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2
Q

Albumin function

A

Main osmoregulator of the blood

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3
Q

Is albumin permeable to cell membrane

A

No

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4
Q

Can prokaryotes do oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Yes, they have ATP synthase

-ETC is still ran but instead of Mitochondrial membrane, gradient is made via plasma membrane

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5
Q

Path of sperm to fertilization

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

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6
Q

Equation for number of possible gametes formed through independent assortment of diploid organisms during meiosis

A

2^n
n=haploid number of chromosomes
Ex: for AaBbCc, three is the haploid number

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7
Q

Degree phase difference for destructive interference

A

Completely out of phase

-180 degrees

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8
Q

Trend in frequencies and wavelengths between increasing harmonics

A

As harmonics inc, freq inc and wavelengths dec

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9
Q

Pressure on an object in relation to density

A

As density inc, pressure proportionately inc

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10
Q

Nature of charged particle as it travels through an electric field

A

Accelerates

whether it’s positive or negative acceleration depends on direction

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11
Q

Function of boiling chips

A

Allows it to boil without superheating

-Does this by breaking surface tension

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12
Q

Why is a hydroxyl group more polar than a carbonyl group

A

Hydrogen bonding

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13
Q

Red and blue litmus paper definitions

A

Red litmus paper turns blue in presence of bases

Blue litmus paper turns red in presence of acids

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14
Q

Path of sperm to fertilization

A

Epididymis, vas deferens, urethra, vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tube

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15
Q

Number of diff possible gametes formed through independent assortment of diploid organisms during meiosis equation plus example for AaBbCc

A

AaBbCc is three for haploud number (n)

-Equation is 2^n

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16
Q

Function of aldosterone

A

Increases Na+ reabsorption in DCT and collecting duct

  • Water follows the inc in solute concentration and inc volume of blood
  • Inc blood volume leads to inc blood presssure
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17
Q

Where is glycogen broken down, created and stored

A

Liver

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18
Q

What happens when the appendix ruptures

A

intestinal contents rush out of digestive system and spills into abdominal cavity
-Creates infection usually

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19
Q

Urea cycle produces what

A

Ammonium (NH4) and fumarate

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20
Q

Cadherin function

A

Cell to cell connection of actin cytoskeletons

-Ca dependent

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21
Q

Integrins fucntion

A

Located in hemidesmosomes

  • Connect intermediate filament to extracellular matrix
  • Ketain is an example
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22
Q

Selectins

A

Bind to sugars

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23
Q

Diff between necrosis and apoptosis

A

Necrosis is not programmed cell death

-Causes deaths of nearbycells

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24
Q

Characteristics of apoptosis

A

Cell shrinkage and blebbing

  • Caspase activation
  • Cytochrome c relase from mitochondria
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25
Q

What is the slope of a lineweaver burks plot

A

Km/Vmax

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26
Q

Specific activity of an enzyme def

A

Amount of enzyme per mg of total protein

-Measures purity of enzymatic mixture

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27
Q

Difference between cytosine and uracil

A

Damination of amine group of cytosine and replaced with carbonyl group

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28
Q

Disruption of a disulfide bond requires what

A

Two e- from NADH

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29
Q

What does color change of a titration depend on?

A

pKA of the indicator

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30
Q

When is the volume of gas no longer negligible

A

When pressure or temp are changed from standard

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31
Q

Why does speed of light dec as it passes through an optically dense medium

A

It is absorbed and reemitted by the atomic structure of this medium

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32
Q

Characteristic of both plates of a capacitor

A

They collect charges of the opposite sign

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33
Q

If object is moving at a constant speed what does this say about the net force on the object in that direction of movement

A

F=0, because if speed is constant, acceleration=0, so F=ma -> F=m(0m/s^2)=0

34
Q

Where are proteins produced

A

By ribosomes on the ER or free ribosomes

35
Q

What part of gastrulation is the heart a part of

A

Mesoderm

-Blood vessels = moveoderm

36
Q

What elements are part of hydroxyapatite

A

Ca, PO (Phosphate), OH

37
Q

Diathesis stress model def

A

Combinatino of biological predispositions and environment on behavior

38
Q

Long term potentiation difference from neural plasticity

A 
LTP = Strengthening of certain neuron connections
Plasticity = recovery of brain/neurons after an accident
39
Q

Encoding specificity

A

Enhanced memory when in place in same conditions as learning that info
-When at place where memory was encoded, easier to remember

40
Q

Are phobias usually classically or operationally conditioned

A

Classically

41
Q

How do restriction enzymes spot a splicing site

A

Palindromic sequences of nucleotides

42
Q

Primacy vs recency effect on memory types

A

Primacy: related to long term memories
Recency: related to short term memory

43
Q

Apoptoic proccesses consist of what

A
  • Cell shrinkage and blebbing
  • Cytochrome c released from mitochondria
  • Caspases activated
44
Q

What is the slope of a lineweaver burk plot

A

Km/Vmax

45
Q

Low Kd means what for Km

A

Low Km -> high specificity

46
Q

How much does each aa weigh

A

110 kDa

47
Q

What sociological factors is a health disparity associated with

A

Closely related to either social or economic factors

48
Q

wavelengths of red, green and violet

A

Red: 620-750 nm
Green: 495-570 nm
Violet: 380-450 nm

49
Q

Rational choice theory def

A

Cost and benefit considered of actions

50
Q

How many moles of NADH does it take to break a disulfide bond

A

1 mol of NADH per disulfide bond

51
Q

What’s the difference between the structure of GTP and ATP

A

Guanine vs Adnosine

  • Guanine has a carbonyl up and a drooping NH3
  • -Guanine gets girls with erect cock
  • Adenosine: always alone above
  • -Only has an NH3 up
  • Both have two rings
52
Q

IQ full name

A

Weschsler Scale of Intelligence

53
Q

Mean and SD of IQ

A

Mean is 100

SD is plus or minus 15 so 85-115

54
Q

What is maintained in a person’s memory as they age

A

Their ability to retrieve general info

55
Q

fMRI vs PET scan

A

fMRI = blood flow changes

PET=glucose use in brain

56
Q

Monozygotic vs dizygotic twins

A 
Mono = identical = share 99% of genetic material
Di = fraternal = share 50% of genetic material
57
Q

Viroids

A

Single stranded RNA swquences without capsid or envelope

-Silence gene expression in plants

58
Q

Prions

A

Misfolded proteins that cause other proteins to misfold and aggregate together (agglutinate)

59
Q

Mnemonic for Na+/K+ ATPase

A 
3-2-1 NOKIA
3 Na+ out
2 K+ in
1 ATP used
-Ions are always pumped against their concentration gradient to restore resting potential
60
Q

GPCR steps

A
  1. Ligand binds to GPCR
  2. GPCR undergoes conformational change
  3. Alpha subunit exchanges GDP to GTP
  4. Alpha subunit dissociates and regulates target proteins
  5. Target protein relays signal as 2nd messenger and triggers cascade response
  6. GTP hydrolyzed to GDP -> everything restored to original
61
Q

H-static pressure pushes fluid where

A

Out of capillary and into interstitial fluid

62
Q

Osmotic pressure pushes fluid where

A

Into capikkary

63
Q

Function of Atrial Natriuretic peptide ANP

A

Lowers blood pressure

-Promotes excretion of H20 and Na+

64
Q

What hormone is Atrial Natriuretic peptide ANP antagonist to

A

Aldosterone

65
Q

Expectancy value theory

A

Amount of motivation for a task is based on expectation of success and the value of success

66
Q

Glycogenesis enzymes

A

Glycogen synthase and branching enzyme

67
Q

Glyogenolysis enzymes

A

Glycogen phosphorylase and debranching enzyme

68
Q

How many electrons can CoQ and cytochrome C each hold

A

CoQ = 2 e-

Cytochrome c = 1 e-

69
Q

Why can cytochrome c only hold 1 e-

A

Because its functinal group is heme which toggles between Fe2+ and Fe3+

70
Q

HPLC mobile and stationary phases

A

Stationary phase usually polar

  • Same as regular Chromatography
  • Only difference is computerized and high pressure
71
Q

Reverse phase hplc

A

Stationary phase is nonpolar

72
Q

Gas chromotagraphy function

A

Mobile phase is gas

  • Statonary phase is liquid and polar
  • Separates compounds of high boiling points
  • Low boiling points are nonpolar so elute fast
73
Q

What are the two ways of forming amino acids

A

Gabriel and strecker synthesis

74
Q

Gabriel synthesis steps

A
  1. Alkylation: Central C gains R group
  2. Hydrolysis: Protecting group on N is hydrolyzed
  3. Decarboxylation: Heat added and one carboxyl group is removed
75
Q

gabriel synthesis basic def

A

Protected and amide and protected carboxyl group removed to form aa

76
Q

Strecker syntehsis basic def

A

Aldehyde or ketone react with ammonia to produce an aa

77
Q

Steps of strecker synthesis

A
  1. Aldehyde or ketone react with ammonia in presence of acid to form an imine
  2. Imine attacked by cyanide base (CN-) to create an alpha amino nitrile
  3. Hydrolysis of the nitrile yields an alpha amino acid
78
Q

function of 2,3 BPG

A

Pushes the O2 curve to the right

-Greater transfer of O2 to tissues because lower affinity of hemoglobin to O2

79
Q

Reliable means

A

precise -> reproducible

80
Q

Accurate means

A

Valid

-If the results are actually true

81
Q

Cognitive behavioral therapy

A

Replace maladaptive thoughts and destructive behvaiors with healthy and positive ones
-Often via systematic desensitization

MCAT (12 decks)

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