Session 2- The Microbiome and Innate Immunity

Question 1

patient

Answer 1

age, gender, social status, health status, time of year, home, recent travel

Question 2

pathogen

Answer 2

virus, bacteria, fungus parasite

Question 3

management

Answer 3

history examination investigations treatment

Question 4

physical barriers

Answer 4

skin mucous membranes and bronchial cilia

Question 5

physiological barriers

Answer 5

diarrhoea, vomiting, coughing sneezing

Question 6

chemical barriers

Answer 6

low pH

antimicrobial molecules- IgA, lysozyme, mucus, beta-defensins and gastric acid

Question 7

biological barriers

Answer 7

normal flora in strategic locations

Question 8

phagocytes

Answer 8

macrophages, monocytes,neutrophils, basophils (mast cells), eosinphils, NK cells and dendritic cells

Question 9

PAMPs

Answer 9

pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 10

PRRs

Answer 10

pathogen recognition receptors

Question 11

opsonins

Answer 11

proteins that bind to and coat the surface of the microbe

produced by various components of the immune system- complement proteins and acute phase proteins

Question 12

what happens once a phagocyte recognises a PAMP

Answer 12

it makes a PRR to PAMP interaction and opsonin to opsonin receptor interaction

it can now destroy the microbe by a process of engulfment and digestion of the microbe.

Question 13

what ways can a phagocyte destroy the microbe

Answer 13

oxygen dependant pathway- free radicals

oxygen independent pathway- enzymatic digestion

Question 14

C3a and C5a

Answer 14

responsible for recruitment of phagocytes

Question 15

C3b and C4b

Answer 15

opsonisation of pathogens

Question 16

C5 - C9

Answer 16

killing of pathogens

Question 17

what are the 2 ways complement proteins can be activated

Answer 17

alternative pathway- initiated by cells surface components

MBL- inititated when MBL binds to mannose sugar components of proteins on microbes

Question 18

what is cellulitis

Answer 18

severe inflammation of dermal and subcutaneous layers of the skin
anaerobic- skin necrosis and foul smelling wound
necrotizing fasciitis- life threatening infection of skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscle layers of fascia.

Question 19

what causes cellulitis

Answer 19

group A strep
staph aureus
haemophillus influenza type B

Question 20

what causes candidiasis

Answer 20

caused by the yeast Candida albicans

Question 21

what is candida

Answer 21

white plaques that can become confluent and ulcerated and spread to the throat

Question 22

how do you treat oral and vaginal candida

Answer 22

nysatin or clotrimazole

Question 23

how do you treat cellulitis

Answer 23

Flucloxacillin