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PSYCO 104 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The scientific study of behaviour and the mind.

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2
Q

Define Behaviour

A

Refers to actions and responses that we can directly observe.

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3
Q

Define mind

A

Refers to internal states and processes, such as thoughts and feelings, that cannot be seen directly and that must be inferred from observabl, measurable responses

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4
Q

What is Clinical Psychology?

A

The study and treatment of mental disorders.

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5
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

specializes in the field of mental processes, especially from a model that views the mind as an information processor

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6
Q

How does Psychology overlap with other domains?

A
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7
Q

Science is…

A

A process that involves systematically gathering and evaluating emperical evidence to answer questions and test beliefs about the natural world.

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8
Q

Empircal Evidence is…

A

Evidence gained through experience and observation, which includes evidence that is manipulated and tinkered with.

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9
Q

Define systematic

A

Done according to a fixed plan.

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10
Q

Why do observations in science need to be systematic?

A

To make them as objective and precise as possible.

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11
Q

What are some misconceptions that arise about human behaviour from our own faulty thinking?

A
  • Taking mental shortcuts when making judgements
  • We sometimes fail to think of alternative explanations
  • Fail to test established beliefs further - confirmation bias.
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12
Q

Define confirmation bias

A

only paying attention to information that supports ones already established beliefs or downplaying other information that is inconsistent with already established beliefs.

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13
Q

What is a strength of science?

A

self-correcting process.

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14
Q

Define scientific progress

A

Evolution of knowledge.

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15
Q

What does critical thinking involve?

A

Taking an active role in actually understanding the world around you Instead of just receiving information and doing nothing with it.

It also means to evaluate factualizations set before

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16
Q

What questions should you ask to evaluate a claim?

A
  • What exactly is the claim?
  • Who is making the claim? Are the trustworthy/ credible?
  • How good is the evidence?
  • Are other explanations possible? can they be evaluated?
  • What is the most appropriate conclusion?
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17
Q

What are the 4 central goals of Psychology?

A
  • Describe behaviour
  • Explain and understand the causes
  • Predict behaviour under certain conditions
  • Influence or control behaviour through knowledge and control of its causes to enhance human wellfare
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18
Q

Define levels of analysis

A

Behaviours can be examined at different levels:

  • biological level
  • psychological level
  • environmental level
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19
Q

Define mind-body interactions

A

The relationship between mental processes of the brain and bodily functions

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20
Q

Define perspective

A

A theoretical vantage point from which to analyze behaviour and its cause

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21
Q

Define mind-body dualism

A

deduces that the mind and body are separate entities that cannot be related. The body is physical but the mind is is not subject to the same physical laws.

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22
Q

How was the mind and body first thought to interact? Who developed this theory?

A

through the pineal gland by Rene Descartes

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23
Q

Define monoism

A

opposite to dualism, this theory hold that mind and body are one and the mind is not a separate spiritual entity.

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24
Q

Who advocated monism?

A

Thomas Hobbes

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25
Q

Define British empiricism. Who coined this?

A

That knowledge and ideas are gained through the sense emperically. Observation is more valid than reason because reason could prove wrong.

John Lock

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26
Q

Define Psychophysics

A

How brain processes can be determined/ experienced through physical stimuli.

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27
Q

Define structuralism

A

Analysis of the mind in terms of its basic structure

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28
Q

Who founded structuralism?

A

Wilhelm Wundt & Edward Titchener

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29
Q

Define introspection

A

Looking within

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30
Q

Define functionalism

A

Study of the functions of conciousness rather than the structure.

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31
Q

Who is a leader in the functionalist movement?

A

William James

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32
Q

How does functionalism endure in two modern day fields?

A
  • Cognitive psychology
  • Evolutionary pyscology
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33
Q

Define psychodynamic perspective

A

Studies causes of behaviour based off of the inner workings of the personality, emphasizing the unconsciousness

34
Q

Who developed the psychodynamic theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

35
Q

Define free association

A

expressing any thoughts that come to mind

36
Q

Define psychoanalysis

A

Internal psychological forces that are primarly unconscious.

37
Q

What is a primary defense mechanism proposed by Freud?

A

Repression

38
Q

What do modern psychodynamic theories focus on?

A

Early relationships and how they influence behaviour and shape ones perspectives.

39
Q
A
40
Q

Describe the behavioural perspective

A

This persepctive looks at how the external environment drives our behaviours based off of acquired habits and immediate stimuli

41
Q

define tabula-rasa

A

A blank slate - human mind when first born

42
Q

Define law of effect

A

behaviour is more likely to occur when there is a benefit

43
Q

Define behaviourism

A

School of thought that control of the environment through learning renders bahviour

44
Q

Who led to movement of behaviourism?

A

John B. Watson

45
Q

Who was a lead 20th century behaviourist?

A

B. F. Skinner

46
Q

Describe behaviour modifications

A

techniques aimed at controlling the environment in order to reduce problematic behaviour and increase positive behaviour

47
Q

Who is a leading cognitive behavourist?

A

Alberta Bandura

48
Q

Describe cognitive behaviourism

A

learning experiences and environmental factors effect behaviour by relaying information about how to behave

49
Q

Describe the humanistic perspective

A

emphasizes free will, personal growth and autonomy, and finding ones purpose in life - the meaning of existence relies squarely in our hands.

50
Q

Define self-actualization

A

reaching of ones individual potential

51
Q

Describe belongingness

A

Everyones need for social acceptance and companionship

52
Q

Describe positive psychology movement

A

emphasizes the study of human strengths, fulfillment and optimal living - focuses on the good and not the bad

53
Q

Describe Gestalt psychology

A

Study of how elements of experience are organized systematically in the brain into a ‘whole’ perception

54
Q

What is referred to as the cognitive revolution?

A

1960-1970’s peak interest in mental processes

55
Q

Describe cognitive psychology

A

study of mental processes both conscious and unconscious by which people problem solve, make decisions, form perceptions and learn

56
Q

descrive cognitive neuroscience

A

links the biological perspective with congnitive psychology to examine brain recordings during tasks with brain imaging techniques

57
Q

Describe the sociocultural perspective

A

describes how the social environment and cultural learning influence behaviour, thoughts and feelings.

58
Q

What does the word presence include?

A
  • physical presence
  • implied presence
  • imagined presence
59
Q

Define culture

A

Traditions, values, behaviour and beliefs that is shared with a large group of people and is passed down to following generations

60
Q

Define norms

A

Typically a set of unwritten rules that define appropriate behaviour for members of a group - often set by culture

61
Q

Define cultural psychology

A

Studies how culture is transmitted through generations and the psychological differences and similarities amoungst cultures

62
Q

What is an important difference amoung cultures?

A

The extent to which they emphasize individualism and collectivism

63
Q

What does individualism emphasize?

A

personal growth and self identity based on ones own accomplishments/ success and attributes

64
Q

What cultures typically represent individualism?

A

Northern Europe and North America

65
Q

What does collectivism emphasize?

A

Identity is tied greatly to the family and other social groups and and individual goals are subordinated to the those of the group

66
Q

What cultures typically represent collectivism?

A

Asian, African, South America

67
Q

Describe the biological perspective

A

examines how brain processes and other bodily functions influence behaviour

68
Q

What three classes of causal factors does the biological perspective focus on?

A
  • sensory experiences
  • emotions
  • thoughts
69
Q

define neurotransmitters

A

Chemicals released by nerve cells that allow them to communicate with each other

70
Q

Describe behaviour genetics

A

The study of how genetics play a role in behaviour

71
Q

what is meant by natural selection?

A

Essentially if specific traits give certain members advantages those members are more likely to survive and pass on those traits

72
Q

describe revolutionary psychology

A

Six to explain how evolution shaped modern human behaviour it also stresses how behaviour has changed similarly to Bodies

73
Q

Describe sociobiology

A

Holds that complex social behaviours are also built into the human based off of evolution - Once genetic survival is more important than one’s physical survival

74
Q

What are the six major psychological perspectives?

A
  • psychodynamic
  • behavioural
  • humanistic
  • cognitive
  • sociocultural
  • biological
75
Q

What three levels of analysis can behaviour be examined?

A
  • Biological levels of analysis
  • Psychological levels of analysis
  • Environmental levels of analysis
76
Q

Describe an interaction means

A

the way in which one factor influences behaviour depends on the rpesence of another factor.

77
Q

What are six important themes of contemporary psychology?

A
  • Psychology is empirical
  • our experiences of the world are subjective
  • behaviour is determined by multiple causual factors
  • nature and nurture compliment each other
  • pyschological capacities have evolved
  • cultural environment affects behaviour and mental processes
78
Q

What is the focus of biological analysis a question?

A

Genetic inheritance brain processes hormones and evolutionary changes that underlie behaviour

79
Q

What is the focus of psychological analysis?

A

Examines how behaviour is influenced by mental processes and psychological motives.

80
Q

What is the focus of environmental analysis?

A

Behaviour and thought shaped by physical and social context such as culture

PSYCO 104 (44 decks)

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