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PSYCO 104 > Week 8 Lecture Slides (Ch. 7) > Flashcards

Week 8 Lecture Slides (Ch. 7) Flashcards

1
Q

What is preparedness?

A

through evolution, organisms are pre-wired to easily learn behaviours that are neccessary for their survival ehich differs between organisms

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2
Q

What is an example of conditioning and tolerance interacting?

A
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3
Q

In the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, what is backwards conditioning?

A
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4
Q

What are the two most important types of consequences in operant behaviour?

A
  • Reinforcement
  • Punishment
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5
Q

Who is the founder of classical conditioning?

A

Watson (1913)

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6
Q

What is the implication of classical conditioning and fear?

A

Phobias are learned, they can be unlearned

  • If a phobia was learned through classical conditioning then exposure to that condition under neutral and positive circumstances should be a form of treatment
  • exposure therapies
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7
Q

In operant conditioning, what are response likelihoods?

example

A
  • positive reinforcement
  • negative reinforcement
  • positive punishment
  • negative punishment
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8
Q

What is latent learning?

A

learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to perform.

May learn how to do something but not display that knowledge outwardly until a future time.

may lead to rapid reduction in errors

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9
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

A response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

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10
Q

Why might a variable partial schedule be better than a fixed partial schedule?

A

Scallops disappear in variables and lead to more reliable and consistent responding.

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11
Q

What is an example of stimulus generalization?

A
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12
Q

In the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model, what is blocking?

A
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13
Q

In operant behaviour where does the association occur?

A

Between behaviour and its consequence

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14
Q

What is another term for classical conditioning?

A

pavlovian conditioning

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15
Q

How does habituation differ from sensory adaptation?

A

habituation is a form of learning that occurs within thr CNS

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16
Q

What is behaviour influenced by?

A

an organisms evolutionary history

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17
Q

How migh habituation be bad for druf addiction?

A

Habituation is a troublesome part of drug addiction. Long term drug users can ‘handle’ doses that to new drug users would be lethal (Baker & Tiffany, 1985). Repeated consumption leads to increasingly less and less reward…

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18
Q

In classical conditioning, what is discrimination?

A

Refers to a CR that occurs for one stimulus but not to others

  • detect differences between stimuli
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19
Q

How is learning measured?

A

by changes in performance

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20
Q

What is habituation?

A

decrease in the strength of response to a repeated stimuli

  • moderate intensity
  • infrequent repetitions
  • long term effect
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21
Q

Describe second order conditioning

A

occurs in advertising, in which previous (and assumedly positive) associations we have with celebrities are exploited.

  • is starting to occur in other domains including political, environmental, and, medical decision making
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22
Q

What is the absolute threshold?

A

A minimum amount of stimulation is required to evoke a perceptual sensation

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23
Q

What is a constraint on the classical conditioning theory?

A

learned taste aversions

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24
Q

What is high order conditioning?

A

With a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after being paired with an already established CS

  • The CR for the neutral stimulus will usually diminish more rapidly than the original CS
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25
Q

How does habituation serve as a key adaptive function?

A

by learning not to respond to uneventful familiar stimuli, organims conserve energy and can attend to other stimuli that are important

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26
Q

What does celebrity endorsement rely on?

A

relies on principles of classical conditioning, specifically conditioned stimulus-response relationships.

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27
Q

Describe the unconditioned stimlus

A

The stimulus that innately elicits a response

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28
Q

Describe the conditioned response

A

A response elicited by a stimulus which depends on past learning

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29
Q

What is a Just Noticeable Differnce (JND) stimulation?

A

A minimum amount of differential stimulation required to note the change between sensations

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30
Q

In classical conditioning what is extinction?

A

If the CS is presented repeatedly in the absence of the UCS then the CS will eventually diminish and disappear

  • Each presentation of the CS without the UCS is called the extinction trial
  • Association is replaced not forgotten
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31
Q

In classical conditioning what is spontaneous recovery?

A

If the CS-US relationship starts up again, then the CR can return, albeit in a weaker form

  • Recovery of the CS without a learning trial
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32
Q

In classical condition, what is Acquisition?

A

Refers to the period during which the response is learned

  • US-CS associations are not always natural and so can take time to develop. The close temporal proximity of US-CS strengthens the acquisition of the bond.
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33
Q

What key adaptive function does classical conditioning perform?

A

alerts organisms to stimuli that signals the impending arrival of an important event

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34
Q

What is threshold stimuli?

A

Minimum amount of information required to evoke perceptual sensation

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35
Q

What domain of psychology is habituation essential for?

A

developmental psychology

  • habituation is often the dependant variable
36
Q

What are the 2 basic ideas of the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model?

A

The basic idea of the Rescorla-Wagner (1972) model is that learning occurs between a UCS and CS when the CS predicts the UCS

  • backwards conditioning
  • blocking
37
Q

In operant conditioning, what are punishment and reinforcement techniques for?

A

Remember that trying to eliminate bad behavioural does not necessarily mean that it will be replaced by good behaviour.

Therefore, reinforcement and punishment are techniques towards two different goals.

38
Q

How many classical conditioning contribute to individual drug tolerance?

A

The environment serves as a stimulus that can modulate drug effects.

39
Q

What is an SOR? what does it theorize?

A

stimulus organisms response

theories of learning acknowledge different thought processes (or at least different learning histories) where the same stimulus gives rise to different responses in different organisms.

40
Q

In classical conditioning, what is stimulus generalization?

A

Stimuli similar to the initial CS elicit a CR

  • Maybe the exact CS is missing but a similar kind of CS might elicit the same CR. The organism has generalized.
41
Q

What is sensory adaptation stimulus?

A

The same level of stimulus intensity does not generate the same continuous level of response

42
Q

What is the best way to promote fast learning and high resistance to extinction for a desired behaviour?

A

begin reinforcing the desired behaviour on a continuous schedule until the behaviour is well established. Then, shift to partial schedule (variable preferred) gradually made more demanding.

43
Q

What is a continuous reinforcement schedule?

A

where reinforcement follows response all of the time

44
Q

How does operant conditioning focus on emitted behaviour

A

In a given situation the organism generates a response under physical control of it

45
Q

What are the 4 types of partial reinforcement schedules?

A
  • fixed ratio
  • fixed interval
  • variable ratio
  • variable interval
46
Q

what is a discriminative stimulus?

A

A signal that a particular response will produce a certain consequence whether positive or negative

47
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

learning an association between stimuli

  • A procedure in which a formerly neutral stimulus comes to elicit and conditioned response by virture of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a similar response
48
Q

Describe appeal to authority

A

Accepting a claim because those in a higher power also endorse it

49
Q

How can fears and phobias and fetishes be explained by classical conditioning?

A

can also be partly explained by the previous associations between stimulus and response

  • Exposure to environmental stimulus (CS) It’s paired with an adverse event (UCS) And as a result the original neutral stimulus comes to elicit an adverse response of anxiety or fear (CR)
50
Q

What are the three essential statements of a behaviourist?

A

A) The study of the mind is outside the remit of science

B) Introspection about mental processes is hard to verify

C) The only thing we can reliably measure is behaviour

51
Q

What is sensitization?

A

An increase in the strength of response to a repeated stimulus

  • high intensity
  • frequent repetition
  • short term effect
52
Q

What was pavlov originally studying?

A

was actually interested in digestion and initially considered the foundation of behaviourism to just be an annoyance.

53
Q

What partial scheduled reinforcement?

A

where reinforcement follows response some of the time.

54
Q

What is thorndikes law of effect?

A

“If a response, in the presence of a stimulus, is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, the bond between stimulus and responses will be strengthened”

55
Q

What does UCS, UCR, CS and CR stand for? which are natural/ aritfical?

A
  • UCS: unconditioned stimulus (natural)
  • UCR: uncondition response/ reflex (natural)
  • CS: conditioned stimulus (artificial)
  • CR: conditoned response/ reflex (artificial)
56
Q

What is learning?

A

a process by which experience produces a relatively enduring change in an organisms bheaviour or capabilities

57
Q

Habituation _________ threshold

Sensitization _________ threshold

A

increases

decreases

58
Q

Describe preferential learning in developmental psychology

A

With the Preferential Looking paradigm, babies are invited to sit with their caregiver and to watch two visual stimuli.

The baby’s eye movements are recorded with aivdeo camera between the two screens and time of looking is tabulated.

With differences in looking time, we infer the child is able to discriminate between then. With longer looking time, we infer the child prefers one over another.

59
Q

What became the foundation for the school of behaviourism?

A

law of effect

60
Q

describe the unconditioned response

A

A reflexive unlearned response to a innately important stimulus

61
Q

What is operant extinction?

A

weakening and eventual dissapearance of a response because it is no longer being reinforced

  • If the behaviour no longer pays off will replace it with a more successful one.
62
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which behaviour is influenced by the consequences

  • Positive consequence will lead to more of that behaviour
  • Negative consequences will lead to less occurrence of that behaviour

Stimulus-response relationships can be strengthened or weakened by the addition and removal of positive and negative outcomes. There is no free-will!

63
Q

What is the reinforcement consequence in operant conditioning?

A

A response is strengthened by the outcome that follows it

64
Q

What three events does operant behaviour involve?

A

A. Antecedents - stimuli that are present before behaviours

B. Behaviours that the organism emits

C. Consequences that follow the behaviour

65
Q

what is positive reinforcement?

A

A response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a stimulus

  • The stimulus that follows and strengthens the response is the positive reinforcer
66
Q

in classical conditioning,

the target behaviour is ________

and

behaviour is a function of _________

A

automatic, preceding stimuli

67
Q

How might this fail in training a dog?

A
68
Q

What is the relationship between antecedents behaviours and consequences called in operant behaviour?

A

Contingencies

69
Q

Describe the conditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that gains value through learning

70
Q

When was classical condition first discovered?

A

Ivan Pavlov and the salivating dog

  • Prior to training, the presentation of food stimuli will lead to salivary responses in dogs
  • There are other stimuli that surround the US (footsteps of researcher, noise of bowl on floor) that, with training, can be conditioned with the same salivary response.
71
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

a response is weakened by the subsequrnt removal of a stimulus

72
Q

in operant conditioning,

the target behaviour is ________

and

behaviour is a function of _________

A

voluntary, consequences

73
Q

When is classical conditioning strongest?

A
  • Repeated CS-UCS pairings
  • The UCS is more intense
  • The sequence involves forward pairing, so CS always before UCS
    • will not work other way around
  • The time interval between CS and UCS is short
74
Q

what are the two types of schedules of reinforcement?

A
  • continuous reinforcement schedule
  • partial reinforcement schedule
75
Q

What are the 4 aspects of social cognitive theory?

A
76
Q

What is the law of effect?

A

In any given situation exposure to a satisfying outcome will increase that behaviour (more likey to occur), whereas is exposure to an unsatisfying outcome will yield a decrease in that behaviour (less likely to occur).

77
Q

How did learned taste aversion challenge classical conditioning?

A
  1. the assumption of a relatively short CS-UCS time interval
  2. The assumption of conditioned taste aversion rather the influence of biological preparedness
78
Q

What kind of conditioning is preferential looking?

A

classical conditioning

79
Q

What are the 4 basic principles of classical conditioning?

A
  • acquistion
  • exctinction
  • spontaneous recovery
  • stimulus generalization
80
Q

What is sensory adaptation?

A

refers to decreased sensitivty to continuously present stimuli

81
Q

what is the punishment consequence and operant conditioning?

A

A response is weakened by the outcomes that follows it

82
Q

What does orientating refer to?

A

refers to the automatic (stimulus-driven) entry of highly salient and novel environmental stimuli into our field of attention.

83
Q

Describe classical conditioning with chemotherapy. How can the CS be mitigated?

A

Chemotherapy and food intake represent a complex interaction between unconditioned and conditioned stimuli and responses

  • An unfortunate side-effects of chemotherapy (US) is nausea (UR). The association between drug stimulus and sickness response does not have to be learned.
  • Normal food intake (CS) around the time of chemotherapy (US) can lead to the same response of vomiting (CR), but in a conditioned way.
  • Broberg & Bernstein (1987) showed that the development of food aversions can be reduced if a scapegoat food is administered at the time of therapy that does not generalize to other food.
    • food substance entirely unwise that they would never eat again so they learn to associate with scapegoat food with nausea but will protect with building association with foods they do enjoy
84
Q

What is an example of second order conditioning?

A

Perhaps we were amongst the odd billion people or so who really enjoyed The Terminator which made us happy. Didn’t require much training, but a conditioned association was made.

  • Advertisers rely our previously learned conditioned associations, such that we will feel pretty good (and want to buy) the product when we see it with the celeb. aka schwartnager
  • Political parties rely our previously learned conditioned associations, such that we will feel pretty good (and want to vote for) the party when we see it with the celeb. aka schwartsnager
85
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

A response is strengthened by the subsequent removal or elimination of a stimulus

  • The stimulus that is removed is called a negative reinforcer
86
Q

Who coined operant behaviour?

A

B. F. Skinner

87
Q

Who coined social cognitive theory?

A

bandura

PSYCO 104 (44 decks)

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