Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First Year > Cardiovascular Anatomy-01 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Anatomy-01 Flashcards

1
Q

where is the heart located?

A

in the middle of the mediastinum and surrounded by the pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

apex of the heart

A

tip of the heart formed by the left ventricle and the most inferior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

base of the heart

A

broader area of the heart where great vessels arise from

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are some major landmarks of the heart?

A

SVC, IVC, pulmonary trunk, aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

structures superior to the heart/in superior mediastinum

A

aortic arch, esophagus, trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

structures anterior to the heart/in the anterior mediastinum

A

thymus gland, sternebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

structures posterior to the heart/in posterior mediastinum

A

descending aorta, esophagus, lymph nodes, vagus nerve, thoracic duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

structures in the middle mediastinum

A

ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, phrenic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anterior surface features

A

RV most prominent, RA has an associated auricle to accommodate more blood; LV off to side and tip forms apex, LA + associated auricle tucked in behind heart; SVC & IVC drain deoxygenated blood from body, ascending aorta continues as aortic arch behind heart to become descending thoracic aorta, pulm. trunk delivers de-O2 blood to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

posterior surface features

A

LA most prominent (vessels entering are pulm. veins), left ventricular wall + some of RA slightly visible, SVC/IVC quite indistinguishable from RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

sulci of the heart

A

grooves where coronary BV sit as protection from heart moves against pericardium, fat pads also provide added protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

coronary sulci

A

left and right sulci between the atria and ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interventricular (IV) sulci

A

anterior and posterior sulci occurring between the ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what do coronary arteries do and where are they located?

A

supply blood to the heart muscle itself; L and R coronary arteries come off the base of the ascending aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what does the left coronary artery branch off into?

A

it bifurcates past the pulm. trunk to become the circumflex artery going through the coronary sulcus and the LAD artery going through the IV sulcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does the right coronary artery branch off into?

A

it starts in the coronary sulcus and curls around the back of the heart to get to the right IV sulcus as the posterior IV artery, and laterally down the right side as the marginal artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the main left coronary vein?

A

great cardiac vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are the right coronary veins?

A

small, anterior, and middle cardiac veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the coronary sinus?

A

a dilated vessel on the posterior aspect of the heart that empties blood into the right atrium

20
Q

which vessels empty into the coronary sinus?

A

great, small and middle cardiac veins; the anterior cardiac vein dumps blood directly into the RA via a hole

21
Q

what does the pericardium consist of?

A

fibrous pericardium (irregular dense CT), parietal pericardium and visceral pericardium (thin epithelia layer secreting serous fluid)

22
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

acute compression of the heart due to the accumulation of fluid within the pericardial cavity, excess fluid can be drained with a needle

23
Q

what are the layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep?

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

24
Q

what is the difference b/w the L & R ventricle?

A

LV: cylindrical/conical shape, heart wall is thick b/c lots of pressure needs to be generated to pump blood to every tissue of the body
RV: half moon shape, has a thinner wall b/c less pressure needs to be generated (only sends blood to the lungs which have little vascular resistance)

25
Q

inflammation of the heart can occur as:

A

epicarditis (pericarditis), myocarditis, endocarditis

26
Q

epicarditis

A

inflammation of the epicardium (outer lining of the heart) caused by fluid/pus accumulation

27
Q

myocarditis

A

caused by viral infection, rheumatic fever, radiation or meds

28
Q

endocarditis

A

often bacterial and affects heart valves, fatal if left untreated

29
Q

path of blood flow in the heart

A

2 closed circuits. systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart and in the arteries, pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood in the right side and in veins to the lungs

30
Q

what is the function of heart valves?

A

to ensure blood flows in one direction (can be useful when applying cardiac compressions

31
Q

AV valves

A

tricuspid and bicuspid (mitral) valves, have cusps/leaflets; chordae tendinae attach to papillary muscles (sub-valvular apparatus) — provide tension to prevent AV valve prolapse

32
Q

how do the AV valves open?

A

When the pressure of the blood in the atria becomes higher than the pressure inside the ventricles

33
Q

semilunar valves

A

aortic and pulmonary SL valves, 3 semilunar leaflets and C-shaped cusps that capture the blood to prev. backflow into ventricle, also causes them to close

34
Q

how do the semilunar valves open?

A

when the ventricular pressure is higher than the pulmonary trunk and aorta pressure (no sub-valvular apparatus)

35
Q

fibrous skeleton

A

made of collagen fibres that become dense around the cusps of valves and form annular rings

36
Q

what are the 4 functions of the fibrous skeleton?

A

provide structural foundation for heart valves,
maintains valve diameter (prevents overstretching), attachment site for muscle fibers, electrically separates the atria from the ventricles

37
Q

how are heart sounds auscultated?

A

heard at locations that do not correspond to where the valves are located; stethoscope should be placed away from the heart in the direction sound waves travel from a valve when it closes

38
Q

what is represented by the lub-dub sound?

A

Lub → AV valves closing

Dub → ventricular relaxation (SL valves go)

39
Q

where is the aortic SL valve sound heard?

A

2nd intercostal space (right)

40
Q

where is the pulmonary SL valve sound heard?

A

2nd intercostal space (left)

41
Q

where is the bicuspid valve sound heard?

A

5th intercostal space (left)

42
Q

where is the tricuspid valve sound heard?

A

left lower sternal border (LLSB)

43
Q

heart valve stenosis

A

cusps or flaps of heart valve are too stiff and unable to open fully, making it difficult for blood to flow through; narrowing

44
Q

what valves are affected by stenosis?

A

aortic (common wear and tear), pulmonic (developmental issues in infants), mitral (most common)

45
Q

heart valve prolapse

A

heart valve cusps are insufficient/incompetent, allowing blood to flow backward (regurgitation) through valve when heart chamber contracts; most commonly occurs in mitral valve and is hear as a murmur (“whoosh”)

First Year (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions