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NMSP Exam 3 > Neurodevelopmental and Attention Disorders > Flashcards

Neurodevelopmental and Attention Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five categories of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

A
  1. Intellectual Disability
  2. Communication Disorders
  3. ASD
  4. ADHD
  5. Motor Disorders
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2
Q

When do most neurodevelopmetnal disorders manifest?

A

Early in development

Except for motor disorders, they must be present before the child enters grade school

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3
Q

In which three domains will those with intellectual disabilities exhibit adaptive functioning deficits?

A
  1. conceptual
  2. social
  3. practical
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4
Q

What sort of deficits will be seen with disability of the conceptual domain?

A

Deficits in:

Reasoning

Problem Solving

Planning/Experiential learning

Abstract thinking/judging

Academia

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5
Q

What signs of intellectual disability appear in preschoolers and school age children?

A

Preschool: language and pre-academic skills develop slowly

Children: progress in reading/writing/math, time and money lags behind others

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6
Q

What are the signs of an intellectual disability in adults?

A

Academic skills typically at an elementary level

support is required for work and personal life

may need assistance in day-to-day task

Caregivers need to take over these responsibilities fully

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7
Q

What deficits will be seen with the social domain of intellectual disabilities?

A

Difficulty in the following:

social interactions with age-mates

social cues

communication/conversation (immature)

regulating emotion

risk of being manipulated/gullible

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8
Q

What deficits will be seen in the practical domain of intellectual disability?

A

Difficulty with the following:

age-appropriate personal care

“adult things”

good decisions on well-being

often placed in jobs that do not emphasize conceptual skills

Need help making health care and legal decisions

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9
Q

What are two diagnositc tools for Intellectual Disability?

What is severity based upon?

A

DDST

WISC-V

Not on IQ, but on adaptive functioning

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10
Q

What is a Global Developmental Delay?

A

unable to undergo systematic assessments of intellectual functioning but meet observational diagnostic criteria of intellectual disability disorder

Often seen in children who are too young to participate in standardized testing as a result of a severe head injury during development

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11
Q

What are the four main communication disorders?

A

Language Disorder

Speech Sound Disorder

Social Communication Disorder

Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (stuttering)

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12
Q

When attempting to diagnose a Communication Disorder, what must be considered?

A

Considerations of an individual’s culture and language context must be taken

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13
Q

What is Language Disorder?

A

Difficulty with spoken, written and sign language

*These difficulties are not due to hearing or sensory impairment, motor dysfunction, or neurological condition, or from foreign language.

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14
Q

What is Speech Sound Disorder

A

Difficulty making speech sounds that are intelligible and limits verbal communication

Not attributable to limited opportunity for language acqiusition

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15
Q

What is Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (stuttering)

A

Difficulty with fluency and patterns of speech sound

Not attributable to a speech-motor or sensory deficit, neurological insult or other mental disorder

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16
Q

What is Social Communication Disorder?

A

Difficulty with social use of verbal and nonverbal communication

NOT the same as ASD, or other developmental delays

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17
Q

What is the most common associated feature associated with Social Communication Disorder?

A

Delay in reaching language milestones

this disorder may not become apparent until early adolescence when language and social interactions become more complex

18
Q

What are the main features of ASD?

A

Problems with Social communication

Problems with Nonverbal Behaviors

Problems with Relationships

Restricted, Repetitive Patterns

Inflexible Routines/Patterns

Obsessive Interest/Fixation

Abnormal Reaction to Sensory Input

19
Q

What are the requirements for making a diagnosis of ASD?

How can Intellectual disability and ASD be diagnosed together and differentiated?

A

Problems are not better explained by intellectual disability or global developmental delay

May be accompanied by an intellectual disability and as such, communication should be below that expected for general development

The best way to differentiate the two is by the presence of restricted interests and repetitive behaviors

20
Q

What sort of behavioral interventions can take place for those with ASD?

A

Education and support for parents and caregivers

Learn about parallel process and how to use it for behavioral management

Controlling the environment to limit sensory overload

Allow for difficulty with transitions

21
Q

What are the two FDA approved medications for irritability and agitation associated with ASD?

A

Risperidone

Aripiprazole

22
Q

How do females with ADHD tend to present?

A

more commonly with the inattentive subtype than boys

23
Q

Why are females likely underdiagnosed with ADHD?

A

Females exhibit less disruptive behavior than males leading to a referral bias and under-identification and undertreatment of female patients

24
Q

ADHD is a comorbid condition with what other psychiatric disorders?

A

Mood Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Substance Disorders

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Tic Disorder (may be worsened by ADHD meds)

25
Q

What is the Tourette’s Syndrome Triad

(not a technical diagnostic category)

A

TS

OCD

ADHD

26
Q

Is ADHD a risk factor for suicide?

A

Yes

27
Q

What sort of executive function deficits can be seen with ADHD?

A

Difficulties in the following:

Situation assessment

Prioritizing

Filtering extraneous information

Developing a plan

Executing a plan

Assessing an action fluidly

28
Q

Where in the brain is the area of dyfunction in ADHD?

A

Prefrontal Cortex

Specifically, the Dorsal Anterior Midcingulate Cortex (daMCC)

This is primarily due to deficiency of DA and NE

29
Q

What are the criteria to diagnose ADHD in children and adults?

A

Children must have 6+ symptoms

Those 17+ must have 5+ symptoms

30
Q

Describe the behaviors of Inattentive ADHD

A

Careless Mistakes, lack of attention for deails

Difficulty sustaining attention

Appears to not listen

Struggles with instructions and organization

Avoids a lot of thinking

Loses things

Easily distracted or forgetful

31
Q

Describe the Hyperactive ADHD

A

Fidgets

Difficulty staying seated

Runs/Climbs, seems restless

Difficulty with quiet tasks

Acts as if driven by a motor

Talks excessively

Blurts answers

Difficulty waiting

32
Q

What computerized and standardized tests can be used to assess for ADHD?

A

Computer: TOVA and Conners Continuous Performance Test

Standardized: Vanderbilt, Conners

33
Q

What is the first line of treatment for preschool aged children with ADHD (ages 4-5)

A

First line: Evidenced-based patient and/or teacher administered behavior therapy

If not improved, Rx Methylphenidate

34
Q

What is the treatment of ADHD for elementary aged children (6-11)

A

Medication and Therapy

35
Q

What is the treatment of ADHD in Youths (12-18)

A

Medications and behavior

36
Q

What is Developmental coordination Disorder?

A

Problems with coordinated motor skills

Issues with clumsiness, handwriting, ride a bike, sports

Not attributable to a neurologic condition such as CP, muscular dystrophy, or other degenerative disorder

37
Q

What is Stereotypic Movement Disorder?

A

Repetitive, compulsive and purposeless movement

Not related to other conditions

38
Q

What is the criteria for Tourette’s?

What are the comorbid conditions?

A

Multiple motor tics and one or more phonic tics must be present at some time but not necessarily at the same time.

onset prior to age 18

Comorbid conditions include: ADHD, OCD, anxiety disorders, sleep disturbance, learning disabilities, disruptive behavior, and mood disorders with risk of suicide.

39
Q

What are the only approved drugs for the treatment of Tourettes in the US?

A

Haloperidol, Pimozide, and Aripiprazole

(may cause Tardive Dyskinesia)

40
Q

What are some other treatments for Tourettes?

A

DA depleters (deplete DA by inhibiting VMAT)

Antipsychotics-Fluphenazine and Respiridone

Alpha Adrenergic Agonists-Guangfacine and Clonidine

BOTOX

Anticonvulsants-topiramate, Valproate, gabapentin

41
Q

What is Persistent (Chronic) Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder?

A

A single or multiple motor or vocal tics present during illness but not both at any time

Wax and Wane, but persist for more than 1 year, onset prior to age 18

Not attributable to other conditions

NMSP Exam 3 (21 decks)

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