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Histology & Embryology > Nervous System Embryology > Flashcards

Nervous System Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

define the neural plate

A

thickened area of embryonic ectoderm overlying the notochord

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2
Q

what three things form from the neural plate?

A

neural folds
neural tube
neural crest cells

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3
Q

Neural crest cells form the

A

PNS and ANS

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4
Q

neural tube forms the

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

when does neurulation happen, and what is it?

A

begins about week 4

fusion of neural folds that leaves two openings at each end

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6
Q

two openings of neural tube and when they close

A

Rostral neuropore (cranial) - closes at day 25

Caudal neuropore - closes at day 27

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7
Q

neural pore closure induces

A

vascular circulation in neural tube

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8
Q

cranial 2/3 of neural tube walls thicken and give rise to ______

caudal 1/3 of neural tube walls thicken and give rise to ______

A

brain

spinal cord

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9
Q

neural canal forms (2)

A

ventricular system of brain and central canal of spinal cord

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10
Q

zones of neuroepithelium

A

ventricular zone (ependymal layer)

marginal zone

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11
Q

ventricular zone gives rise to

A

all neurons and macroglial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes)

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12
Q

marginal zone gives rise to

A

white matter

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13
Q

neuroepithelial cells differentiate to and form the ________ between marginal and ventricular zones

A

neuroblasts

intermediate zone

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14
Q

intermediate zone consists of glioblasts that differentiate to (3)

A

astroblasts –> astrocytes
oligodendroblasts –> oligodendrocytes
ependymal cells –> lining of central canal

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15
Q

In SC development, thickening of walls produces groove called __________ that separates the ______ and _______

A

sulcus limitans

alar plate (dorsal aspect)

basal plate (ventral aspect)

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16
Q

what is the alar plate

A

forms dorsal grey columns

- afferent nuclei - dorsal roots

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17
Q

what is the basal plate

A

forms ventral grey columns
- efferent nuclei - ventral roots
forms lateral grey columns

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18
Q

spinal ganglia from from

A

neural crest cells

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19
Q

define dorsal root ganglia

A

collection of cell bodies for afferent (sensory) neurons

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20
Q

primordial meninges from from

A

mesenchyme and NCC around neural tube

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21
Q

two layers of primordial meninges

A

dura mater - external layer

leptomeninges - internal layer made of NCC

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22
Q

leptomeninges differentiate to

A

arachnoid mater
pia mater
subarachnoid space

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23
Q

when does CSF form?

A

week 5

24
Q

where does CSF circulate?

A

around brain and SC in subarachnoid space, spinal canal, and ventricles

25
Q

when is spinal cord the entire length of the vertebral canal?

A

8 weeks

26
Q

in newborns the spinal cord ends at (vertebrae) ____

in adults the spinal cord ends at ____

A

L2, L3

L1

27
Q

extension of pia mater that anchors spinal cord so it doesn’t shrink up

A

filum terminale

28
Q

spinal nerves for lower body from the

A

cauda equina

29
Q

when does myelination happen and what gets myelinated first?

A

begins at end of fetal period and continues during first year after birth

motor roots first, then sensory

30
Q

cells that myelinate axons of the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes (derived from neuroepithelial cells)

31
Q

cells that myelinate axons of the PNS

A

Schwann cells (derived form NCC)

32
Q

embryonic halves of neural arch fail to fuse in the median plane
L5 or S1 with dimple and/or tuft of hair

A

Spina Bifida Occulta

33
Q

vertebrae over spinal cord fail to form, exposing the spinal cord
most severe neural tube defect

A

Spina Bifida Myeloschesis

34
Q

Protrusion of the spinal cord, meninges, or both through in a cyst-like sac due to defects of vertebral arch formation

  - with meningocele
  - with meningomyelocele
A

Spina Bifida Cystica

35
Q

three primary brain vesicles

A

Forebrain

Midbrain

Hindbrain

36
Q

forebrain aka _______ which gives rise to _______ and _________

A

prosencephalon

 - telencephalon -> cerebrum
 - diencephalon --> thalamus
37
Q

midbrain gives rise to _____

A

mesencephalon –> midbrain

38
Q

hindbrain aka ______ which gives rise to _____ and ________

A

rhombencephalon

  - metencephalon --> pons, cerebellum
  - myelencephalon --> medulla oblongata
39
Q

myelencephalon becomes the ______ with these neuroblasts (7)______

A

medulla oblongata

basal plate: GSE, SVE, GVE

alar plate: GVA, SVA, GSA, SSA

40
Q

metencephalon becomes _____ and ________,

- cavity forms part of __________

A

cerebellum and pons

4th ventricle

41
Q

in midbrain, neuroblasts migrate from alar plates into ______ to form:
_________ - visual reflex
_________ - auditory reflex

A

tectum

superior colliculi

inferior colliculi

42
Q

in midbrain, neuroblasts migrate from basal plates to form
_________ - collection of nuclei

_________ - gray matter

A

tegmentum

substantia nigra

43
Q

telencephalon develops from the _________

location:

A

prosencephalon

rostral part

44
Q

what do telencephalic vesicles differentiate to?

A

primordia of cerebral hemispheres

cavity becomes lateral ventricles and third ventricle

45
Q

diencephalon develops from the _________

Swellings from lateral walls of 3rd ventricle form (3):

Median tissue from the caudal part of the roof of the diencephalon becomes:

A

prosencephalon

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

pineal gland

46
Q

The pituitary gland is from from these two growths:

A

up-growth from the ectodermal roof of the stomodeum (Rathke’s pouch, or adenohypophysis)

down-growth from the neuroectoderm (neurohypophysis)

47
Q

neurohypophysis –> _________

adenohypophysis –> _________

A

posterior pituitary

anterior pituitary

48
Q

why do the two lobes of the pituitary gland function differently?

A

they come from different embryologic origins

49
Q

growth of tissue exceeds brain cavity, resulting in the formation of _____ and ______ that increase surface area

A

gyri and sulci

50
Q

form all sensory cells of the PNS

A

NCC

51
Q

describe sensory cells

A

ganglia located outside of the PNS and surrounded by satellite cells

dorsal nerve roots

52
Q

form motor nerve fibers arranged in a bundle (ventral nerve root)

A

basal plates of developing SC

53
Q

classification of cranial nerves based on embryological origin

A

Somatic efferent from basal plates of brain stem

nerves of pharyngeal arch

special sensory nerves

54
Q

somatic efferent nerves from basal plates (5)

A 
CN III - oculomotor
CN IV - trochlear
CN VI - abducens
CN XI - spinal accessory
CN XII - hypoglossal
55
Q

nerves of the pharyngeal arches (4)

A

CN V - trigeminal
CN VII - facial
CN IX - glossopharyngeal
CN X - vagus

56
Q

special sensory nerves (3)

A

CN I - olfactory
CN II - optic
CN VIII - vestibulocochlear

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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