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Histology & Embryology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

long, cylindrical multinucleated cells

voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

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2
Q

found in heart

involuntary control

striated

A

cardiac muscle

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3
Q

involuntary control

found in hollow viscera, skin, and iris

A

smooth muscle

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4
Q

all muscles develop from ______

except ____ which is from ________

A

mesoderm

iris, neuroectoderm

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5
Q

trunk muscles develop from

A

myotome region of somites; mesenchyme differentiates to myoblasts

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6
Q

limb muscles develop from

A

myogenic precursor cells in developing limb buds differentiate to myoblasts

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7
Q

define myogenesis

A

elongation of nuclei and cell bodies into myoblasts

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8
Q

contractile elements of the muscle fiber

A

myofilaments

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9
Q

in skeletal muscle development, primordial muscle cells fuse end to end to form _____

A

myotubes

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10
Q

mature myoblasts that are long and multinucleated

A

myocytes or myofibers

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11
Q

in skeletal muscle development, the myotome divides into (2)

A

epaxial division (dorsal)

hypaxial division (ventral)

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12
Q

epaxial division of myotome contains (2)

A

segmental muscles of body axis

extensor muscles of neck and vertebral column

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13
Q

hypaxial division of myotome contains (4)

A

cervical muscles
thoracic muscles
lumbar muscles
limbs, intercostal, and abdominals

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14
Q

in skeletal muscle development, myoblasts divide into (3)

A

pharyngeal arch muscles (facial expression)

tongue muscles

ocular muscles

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15
Q

somite myotomes become segmented, then

A

myoblasts of each segment give rise to different adult muscles

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16
Q

what are satellite cells

A

muscle stem cells

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17
Q

all fibrous CT investments in muscle are interconnected and form _______ and________

A

tendons and aponeuroses

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18
Q

Basal lamina surrounds _______

Endomysium surrounds _______

perimysium surrounds _______

Epimysium surrounds _______

A

a single myocyte

a singly myocyte

a fascicle of myocytes

a named muscle

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19
Q

what makes up a motor unit

A

1 motor neuron + all innervated muscle fibers

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20
Q

oxygen-transporting protein in myocytes

A

myoglobin

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21
Q

type of muscle fiber with more myoglobin, more mitochondria, aerobic, uses fat

endurance

A

Type 1 (red)

22
Q

type of muscle fiber with less myoglobin, fewer mitochondria, anaerobic, uses glycogen

stronger but less endurance

A

Type 2A (white)

23
Q

where can satellite cells be found?

A

adjacent to myocytes, inside basal lamina

24
Q

myocyte plasma membrane

A

sarcolemma

25
Q

invagination of sarcolemma specialized for depolarization

A

T-tubules

26
Q

ER of muscle fibers

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

27
Q

what does the SR do?

A

stores Ca+, forms terminal cisternae (triad with T-tubule), regulates muscle contraction through controlled release and sequestering of Ca+

28
Q

myocyte cytoplasm

extends from Z disk to Z disk

A

sarcoplasm

29
Q

basic contractile unit of the the myocyte; composed of myofilaments

A

sarcomere

30
Q

two types of myofilaments found in a sarcomere, and where they’re anchored

A 
Myosin II (thick)
    - anchored at M line

Actin (thin)
- anchored at Z disk

31
Q

How are actin filaments Ca regulated?

A

they are decorated with troponin and tropomyosin

32
Q

linear string of sarcomeres that runs the length of the myocyte

A

myofibril

33
Q

what’s the A band

A

where the muscle contracts to (on each side)

34
Q

what is found at the myoneural junction?

A

axon terminals

motor end plate

35
Q

specialized section of sarcolemma with Ach receptors

A

motor end plate

36
Q

what do the sensory nerves that innervate skeletal muscle do? (2)

A

provide feedback for spinal reflexes and regulation of contraction/relaxation

37
Q

specialized group of myocytes associated with sensory nerves to monitor stretching

A

muscle spindles

38
Q

group of collagen fibers associated with sensory nerves to monitor force of contraction

A

Golgi tendon organs

39
Q

cardiac muscle forms from ______ _______ mesoderm, aka _________

A

lateral splanchnic

myoepicardial mantle

40
Q

how are intercalated discs formed

A

myoblasts fuse together, but cell membranes don’t regress

41
Q

half of cell volume of cardiac muscle is (2)

A

mitochondria and myoglobin

42
Q

smooth muscle is regulated by

A

ANS

43
Q

Describe the role of dense bodies in contraction of smooth muscle

A

dense bodies form unions of intermediate filaments and thin filaments

in interconnecting branching network that extends throughout cytoplasm

contraction all filaments to twist and shorten cell along it’s longitudinal axis

44
Q

sternocleidomastoid injured at birth, so muscle is shortened on one side

A

congenital torticollis

45
Q

when do limb buds appear?

A

end of 4th week

46
Q

in limb formation, mesenchyme proliferates near posterior margin of limb bud and forms ___________

A

zone of polarizing activity (ZPA)

47
Q

ectoderm near limb bud apex forms ________

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

48
Q

AER activates ZPA to express _________

A

sonic hedgehog gene

49
Q

Five key steps in limb formation

A

limb bud

hand plate

digital rays

finger/toe buds

apoptosis of webbing

50
Q

in week 7, upper limbs rotate ______ 90 degrees

lower limbs rotate _______ 90 degress

A

laterally

medially

51
Q

area of skin supplied by a spinal nerve

A

dermatome

Histology & Embryology (24 decks)

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