Organic synthesis Flashcards
1
Q
describe reflux
A
- used when you want to heat volatile liquids
- allows strong heating
- without losing volatile reactants and products
- volatile compounds evaporate and condense and fall back into the flask
- cold water flows through condenser wall
- when hot evaporating substance hits the cold condenser they turn back into a liquid
- return to round bottomed flask to react further
- heating is done via a water bath/electric heater (mantle) due to using flammable liquids (safer than flame)
2
Q
describe distillation
A
- used to separate substances with different BP.
- gently heating a mixture will separate the compounds in order of BP
- if compound has a lower BP than starting mixture, heat to temp and collect product in separate vessel
- if compound has a higher BP than starting mixture, heat to temp and the compound will remain in the round bottomed flask.
- useful to extract chemicals before it reacts any further.
3
Q
purify
A
- ## redistillation is used to purify volatile substances which can be purified further using separation.
4
Q
OH to ALD
A
- potassium dichromate/sulfuric acid
- heat
- distillation
5
Q
ALD to CA
A
- excess potassium dichromate / sulfuric acid
- reflux
6
Q
OH to ketone
A
- potassium dichromate / sulfuric acid
- heat under reflux
7
Q
OH to alkene
A
- conc sulfuric acid / phosophoric
- heat
8
Q
Alkene to OH
A
- steam
- phosphoric acid catalyst
- 60 atm
- 300c
9
Q
OH to HA
A
- sodium halide
- sulfuric acid
- 20c
10
Q
HA to OH
A
- warm NaOH
- water
- reflux
11
Q
Alkane to HA
A
- halogen
- UV light
12
Q
Alkene to HA
A
- hydrogen halide
- 20c
13
Q
Alkene to diHA
A
- halogen
- 20c
14
Q
Alkene to Alkane
A
- hydrogen
- nickel catalyst
- 150c
15
Q
alkane functional group impacts
A
C-C
unreactive
non-polar
radical substitution
