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human growth and development > midterm > Flashcards

midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Non-normative life influences

A

unique experiences that may shape our development. A child who
loses his/her parent at a young age has experienced a life event that is not typical of
the age group.

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2
Q

Normative history-graded

influences

A

The time period in
which you are born
shapes your experiences.

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3
Q

A cohort is

A 
a group of people who are born
at roughly the same period in a
particular society. (gen x, millennial) These people
travel through life often
experiencing similar circumstances.
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4
Q

• Normative age-graded influences

A

An age-grade is a specific age group, such as
toddler, adolescent, or senior. Humans in a specific age-grade share particular
experiences and developmental changes.

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5
Q

lifespan

A

lifelong from birth to death. how long a species can live.

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6
Q

lifespan development

A

is lifelong, multidirectional, miltidimensional, plastic (ability to change), multicontextual (shared experience and shared age groups)

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7
Q

Development is multidirectional

A

Humans change in many directions. We may show gains in
some areas of development, while showing losses in other areas. Every change, whether it is
finishing high school, getting married, or becoming a parent, entails both growth and loss.

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8
Q

Development is multidimensional

A

l. We change across three general domains/dimensions;
physical(height and weight), cognitive(intelligence, thinking, memory), and psychosocial(emotion, self perception, personal relationships).

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9
Q

life expectancy

A

predicted number of years a species will live.

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10
Q

chronological age

A

your age in number of years- birth date

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11
Q

biological age

A

how your body is aging

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12
Q

psychological age

A

cognitive and emotional compacity. you are as old as you feel.

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13
Q

social age

A

societal norms. what your culture expects of you.

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14
Q

Preformationism theory of development

A

Children were believed to
possess all their sensory capabilities, emotions, and mental
aptitude at birth, and as they developed these abilities unfolded
on a predetermined schedule

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15
Q

Locke (tabula rasa or

blank slate)

A

tabula rasa or blank slate. Influenced by our environment. early life is very important.

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16
Q

Rousseau’s theory on development

A

children are not adults. children should think freely and develop naturally.

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17
Q

Freud’s theory of development

A

emphasized the importance of early childhood experiences in shaping our personality and behavior. sex/agression, unconscious knowledge.

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18
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

A

presents eight developmental stages that encompass the entire lifespan.

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19
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 1. Trust vs Mistrust

A

child develops trust through care takers

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20
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 2. Autonomy vs. shame/doubt

A

child develops sense of free will (autonomy) criticize a child and they may develop a sense of shame

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21
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 3. initiative vs guilt

A

child becomes independent and explores their world. if child is told they aren’t good enough they will experience guilt

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22
Q

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages, 4. Industry vs Inferiority

A

children learn to do things well from others stands, example: school

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23
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial stages, 5. Identity vs Role Confusion

A

The adolescent develops a well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others.

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24
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages, 6. Intimacy vs Isolation

A

The person develops the ability to give and receive love and to make long-term commitments.

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25
Q

Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages, 7. Generativity vs Stagnation

A

The person develops an interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent.

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26
Q

Erickson’s Pschosocial Stages, 8. Ego integrity vs despair

A

person develops acceptance about how one has lived.

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27
Q

Sequential Research

A

sequential research features participants who are followed over time. Combination of Longitudinal and Cross Sectional

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28
Q

Longitudinal Research

A

studying a group of people that are the same age over time

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29
Q

Cross Sectional Research

A

How something affects people of different ages at the same time.

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30
Q

process of fertilization

A

ovulation occurs, sperm travels through the fallopian tube penetrates egg and makes a zygote, fertilization occurs

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31
Q

Teratogens

A

environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects, and include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs and alcohol.

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32
Q

used teratogens during pregnancy are

A

alcohol (most common), Tobacco, Prescription/Over-the-counter Drugs, Illicit Drugs, Pollutants, Toxoplasmosis (parasites), Sexually Transmitted Diseases

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33
Q

1st stage of pregnancy: germinal

A

(about 14 days in length) lasts from conception to implantation of the fertilized egg in the lining of the uterus. this stage has to occur

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34
Q

2nd stage of pregnancy: embryonic

A

weeks 3-8, growth occurs from head to toe and midline outward. major organs are constructed.

35
Q

3rd stage of pregnancy: Fetal

A

week 9-birth. the longest stage. genitalia develops (3 months) sensitivity to light and hearing (4-6 months) reflexes - sleep cycles (5 months) pain perception (6 months) weight gain and preparing for birth (7-9 months_

36
Q

first stage of labor

A

first stage is longest, During this stage the cervix or opening to the uterus dilates to 10 centimeters or just under 4 inches. This may take around 12-16 hours for first children or about 6-9 hours for women who have previously given birth. Labor may also begin with a discharge of blood or amniotic fluid.

37
Q

second stage of labor

A

birth- less than an hour. passage of baby through birth canal.

38
Q

third stage of labor

A

quickest stage. expulsion of the placenta. this should happen on its own.

39
Q

ultrasound

A

a test in which sound waves are used to examine the fetus

40
Q

Transvaginal ultrasounds

A

are used in early pregnancy

41
Q

transabdominal ultrasounds

A

are more common and used after 10 weeks of pregnancy (typically, 16 to 20 weeks).

42
Q

Amniocentesis

A

is a procedure in which a needle is used to withdraw a small amount of amniotic fluid and cells from the
sac surrounding the fetus and later tested

43
Q

Chorionic Villus Sampling

A

is a procedure in which a small sample of cells is taken from the placenta and tested

44
Q

chromosomal abnormalities

A

occurs when a child inherits too many or two few chromosomes. Spontaneous abortion, Down syndrome , sex-linked chromosomal abnormality, turner syndrome, klinefelter syndrome.

45
Q

genetic abnormalities

A

Sickle Cell Disease, Recessive Disorders, Albinism, Huntington’s Disease, Tourette Syndrome

46
Q

Huntington’s Disease

A

is a condition that affects the individual’s nervous system. Nerve cells become damaged, causing various parts of the brain to deteriorate. The disease affects movement, behavior and cognition. It is fatal, and occurs at midlife.

47
Q

dendrites

A

short and bushy, they receive and take information.

48
Q

axons

A

long- can extend several feet in the body, good for passing information

49
Q

myelin

A

fatty coating around the axon. myelin is insulation for the axons. The more myelin you have the better you think and see.

50
Q

frontal lobe

A

cognitive functioning

51
Q

parietal lobe

A

ability to process sensation

52
Q

occipital lobe

A

center for vision

53
Q

temporal lobes

A

ability to hear

54
Q

assimilating

A

adding to what you know

55
Q

accomodation

A

no preexisting structure. you change your schemas to accommodate new information.

56
Q

gross motor skills

A

larger movements such as controlling your head, running, and jumping

57
Q

fine motor skills

A

focuses on muscles in fingers, toes, and eyes. small actions such as grasping toys, pencils, and spoons.

58
Q

Review sleep trends and concerns

A

Accidental Suffocation and Strangulation in Bed - caused by soft bedding, rolling on the baby while sleeping, the babies head getting caught in the railing of the crib. SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)

59
Q

infant reflexes

A

sucking, rooting (turning the head when the cheek is touched), grasping, babinski, Moro, tonic neck, stepping

60
Q

senses

A

vision (womb is dark so vision is poorly developed at birth.)Hearing keen at birth. babies recognize voices heard in the womb. babies love their mothers voice. touch and pain- very sensitive, taste and smell- babies can tell the difference in tastes- newborns prefer the smell of their mothers.

61
Q

freuds attachment theory

A

infants are oral creatures who obtain pleasure from sucking and mouthing objects. Freud believed the infant will become attached to a person or object that provides this pleasure.

62
Q

Bowlby’s attachment Theory

A

. An infant must form this bond with a primary

caregiver in order to have normal social and emotional development

63
Q

Erikson: Trust vs. Mistrust attachment theory

A

the

most important goal of infancy was the development of a basic sense of trust in one’s caregivers.

64
Q

easy childs temperament

A

adapts quickly

65
Q

difficult childs temperament

A

trouble adapting

66
Q

slow to warm up childs temperament

A

adjusts slowly

67
Q

plasticity

A

brains ability to change both physically and chemically to enhance its adaptability to environmental change and compensate for injury.

68
Q

the changing brain (role of myelin)

A

Myelination and the development of dendrites continue to occur in the cortex and as it does, we see a corresponding change in what the child is capable of doing. Greater development in the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain behind the forehead that helps us to think, strategize, and control attention and emotion, makes it increasingly possible to inhibit emotional outbursts and understand how to play games. Understanding the game, thinking ahead, and coordinating movement improve with practice and
myelination.

69
Q

gross vs fine motor skills

A

gross- big muscles (running, jumping) vs fine- holding a pencil

70
Q

Piaget’s Pre-operational Stage

A

children use symbols to represent words, images, and ideas. thats why pretend play is important. children can pretend their arms are airplane wings. They also use language but can’t understand adult logic. They cant also know an object is there even if they can’t see it. later in the stage they also think intuitively.

71
Q

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory of Cognitive Development

A

culture has a major impact on a child’s cognitive
development. He believed that the social interactions with adults and more learned peers can facilitate a child’s potential for learning.

72
Q

nutrition

A

children have smaller appetites than babies. limit choices, give healthy options. kids like to eat the same thing. they like consistency. don’t bribe. serve balanced meals.

73
Q

authoritarian

A

commanding. do it because i said so

74
Q

authortative

A

good communication and reasoning, well adjusted children

75
Q

uninvolved

A

disengaged

76
Q

permissive

A

no rules

77
Q

child abuse

A

any act or failure to act the puts a child in harm

78
Q

unoccupied play

A

uncommon, random, no specific goal

79
Q

solitary play

A

children play by themselves

80
Q

onlooker play

A

watch but don’t join in

81
Q

parallel play

A

play alongside but not together

82
Q

associative play

A

interaction and sharing but not working towards a common goal

83
Q

cooperative play

A

playing together to achieve the same goal

human growth and development (7 decks)

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