Pain

Question 1

Know the role pain plays in the survival of the horse

Answer 1

Warn of impending or actual injury and to make us protect an injured part to prevent further damage

Question 2

Differentiate between pain and nociception, where does each occur?

Answer 2

Pain – brain

Nociception – mechanoreceptors

Question 3

Know 4 things needed for processing of nociception

Answer 3

1. Noxious stimulus
2. Receptor capable of detecting the stimulus
3. Transmission to the brain
4. Interpretation of the stimulus as pain

Question 4

Does all nociceptive stimulation result in pain?

Answer 4

Depends on the individual and situation

Question 5

Define nociception

Answer 5

The neuronal processes for the transduction, transmission, modulation, projection and central processing of actual or potentially tissue-damaging stimuli

Question 6

Know three types of nociceptors

Answer 6

1. Thermal
2. Mechanical
3. polymodal

Question 7

Know the structure and speed of A delta fibers. What reaction do they stimulate?

Answer 7

thinly myelinated and transmit signals rapidly (faster than C fibers); responsible for quick onset of sharp pain that stimulates withdrawal reflex

Question 8

Know the structure and speed of C fibers. What sensation do they convey?

Answer 8

Unmyelinated; slower than A delta; responsible for second pain; dull throbbing or burning pain

Question 9

Define persistent pain

Answer 9

Continuing pain from damaged tissue

Question 10

Define chronic pain

Answer 10

Still present after tissue is healed

Question 11

Define nociceptive pain

Answer 11

Direct activation of nociceptors from ongoing tissue damage, such as inflammation following injury

Question 12

Define neuropathic pain

Answer 12

Due to damage to the nerves themselves

Question 13

Define hyperalgesia

Answer 13

Exaggerated or prolonged response to pain

Question 14

Define allodynia

Answer 14

Stimuli normally not painful becomes painful

Question 15

Define maladaptive pain

Answer 15

Pain that is disconnected from noxious stimulus

Question 16

Define central sensitization

Answer 16

Increased responsiveness of the CNS to stimuli that is normally below threshold

Question 17

Define neuronal wind-up

Answer 17

C fibers fire repeatedly, as with severe persistent injury or with maladaptive pain, the response form the dorsal horn cells increases.

Question 18

Define viscero-somatic pain

Answer 18

Pain from the surface of the body can have symptoms of visceral pain. Pain from the viscera can lead to a predictable pattern of pain on the surface of the body.

Question 19

Define neurogenic inflammation

Answer 19

Inflammation mediated by substance P and other chemicals released by neurons

Question 20

Know three areas of the brain that receive nociceptive input

Answer 20

Thalamus, limbic system, hypothalamus

Question 21

Give a simple description of the Gate theory

Answer 21

Neurons open the gate for transmission of nociception to the cortex and non-nociceptors close it

Question 22

How does rubbing or shaking an injured part help decrease pain?

Answer 22

It stimulates larger diameter afferents, closing the gate for the slower conducting nociceptors