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AmmoTech > 8. Design > Flashcards

8. Design Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Definition of Small Arms (SAA)
A

Ammunition for weapons such as pistols, rifles and machine guns below 20mm in calibre

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2
Q

Definition of Calibre

A

The diameter of the barrel of the weapon measured between opposing lands of the rifling

Can be Imperial or Metric

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3
Q

The complete round is made up of four main parts

A

Cartridge case
ignition system / primer
propellant charge
projectile

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4
Q

Requirements of the Cart case

A
  • Designed to hold the propellant charge,
  • incorporate the ignition system
  • retain the projectile
  • provide obturation
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5
Q

The design of the Cart case depends on what factors?

(TRIP)

xx

A

Type of weapon
Role of the ammunition
Ignition sytem
Projectile design

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6
Q

The Cart case must be what (4)

A

Sufficiently elastic to expand IOT provide obturation
contract to original size forextraction
resist corrosion
strong enough to withstand transportation and handling

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7
Q

Materials used for Cart cases?

A 
Brass                (Copper/ Zinc 70/30)
        - Strength
        - Hardness
        - elasticity
        - Resistance to corrosion
Cupro NIckel    (Copper/Nickel 80/20)
Gilding Metal    (Copper/inc 90/10)
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8
Q

Why is a Soft Mouth for Cart case required? (3)

A

Expand as soon as pressure rises in the chamber
to establish an early seal
and prevent gas leakage

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9
Q

Why is a Hard base necessary on SAA?

A

Enable case to withstand internal pressure and rearward movement
Stresses applied by extractors

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10
Q

Why is the projectile to BE SECURED to the mouth? (3)

A

A seal against moisture
Prevent accidental removal
retention by the Cart case to allow gas pressure to build up

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11
Q

What are the methods to secure bullet to the Cart case? (6)

A 
Press fit
Canneluring
Indenting
Stabbing
Coning
Crimping
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12
Q

Four types of Cart case bases?

A

Rimmed
Rimless
Semi-rimmed
Belted Rimless

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13
Q

What are 3 types of ignition systems?

A

Berdan (Anvil)
Boxer (anvil)
Rimfire

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14
Q

What is the method of igntion?

A

Usually relies on a striker impinging onto a cap containing a sensitive composition

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15
Q

Projectile design is governed by its role (5)

A 
Target characteristics
Effect required
Max effective range
Ballistics
Type of weapon
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16
Q

Lead Alloy Projectiles

A
  • Lead and tin or Antinomy
  • Combination of Incendiary and tracer may be encountered
  • Combination projectiles are used in observing and spotter rounds and 5.56mm
  • Tracer composition is ignited when fired
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17
Q

Accuracy depends on achieving consistent MV. What are the influences? (4)

A
  • Loading exact quantites of propellant
  • Consistent burning
  • Separation of the projectile and Cart case at correct pressure
  • Achieving correct obturation
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18
Q

What are the characteristics of an ideal Round ? (7)

A
  • Lightweight
  • High MV
  • Good ballistic performance
  • Ability to penetrate body armour
  • Dump energy at a high enough transfer rate to incapacitate a human with desired wound criteria
  • Fit all types of weapons
  • Equally effective over engagement distances
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19
Q

What is tracer used for? (1)

A

To assist aim and indicate targets to other firers

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20
Q 
What does each of the colour coding for projectile tips indicate? (6)
Black 
Silver
Blue
Yellow
Red 
Uncoloured
A 
Black - AP
Silver - API
Blue - Incendiary
Yellow - Observing
Red - Tracer
Uncoloured - Ball
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21
Q

Permanent Marking on rounds

xx

A

Manufacture symbol
Year of Manufacture
Calibre
Model Number

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22
Q
  1. Grenade - Definition (3 parts)

xx

A
  • A small explosive store
  • PROJECTION by hand or a personal weapon.
  • a special discharger or launcher may be used
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23
Q

Grenade Payloads / types

A
  • HE (anti-pers)
  • HEAT and HEDP
  • Smoke (screen & signal)
  • Chemical or Irritant (CS, riot, rubber balls)
  • Flash or Noise (stun)
  • Incendiary (IEDD tool, initiator; red body)
  • Practice
  • Illuminating
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24
Q

Typical Components of a Grenade (5)

xx

A 
Body
Filling
Fragmentation
Fuze Cavity
Fuze
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25
Q

Fuze Components (6)

A 
Safety Pin
Fly-off lever
Spring
Striker
Detonator
Delay pellet
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26
Q

Grenades Offensive

xx

A

Offensive:
- Rely solely on the effect of blast for anti-personnel effect
To cause any physical damage to a man, a burst must be very close to him or at least in a confined space
Usual effect is to stun or disorientate a man so he is incapable of rational reaction for a short time

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27
Q

HE Anti-tank Grenades

A

Usually projected or dispersed
Not usually hand
Limited effect against tanks; more anti-vehicle

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28
Q

Grenade / Defensive

xx

A

Defensive:
These grenades are designed for use when the thrower is fully or partially protected
The large lethal area is achieved using fragments projected at high velocity.

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29
Q

Grenade Design Categories
What are normal means of delivery?

xx

A

Hand Thrown
Projected - Rifle launched / gun fired
Discharger - Weapon/vehicle launched

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30
Q

Free Flight Rockets (FFR) are made up of 2 sections. What are they?

xx

A
  • Motor:
    (inc. the combustion chamber, fins and nozzle)

-Warhead (incl. the fuze)

Launcher is also required. Hand held platform or ground mounted

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31
Q

Characteristics of FFR Motors? (4)

xx

A
  • A casing which provides a combustion chamber in which the charge can burn
  • The motor casing must be strong enough to withstand the high temperature & pressures reached during combustion
  • Usually made of various steels; however, have been made from glass-reinforced plates
  • De Lavel nozzles normally used.
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32
Q

FFR Motors Consist of? (6)

A 
Casing
Combustion Chamber
Propellant
Igniter
Nozzle
Fins
33
Q

Casing

Propellant

A

Casing
A structure used to hold the combustion chamber

Propellant
Solid propellants are preferred to liquid propellants

34
Q

Igniter

Nozzles

A

Igniter
Essential for solid propellant ignition and usually electrical

Nozzles
Purpose is to change heat and pressure into kinetic energy

35
Q

What is the main type of propellant used in rocket motors?

xx

A

Solid

36
Q

What are the types of Warheads that can be fitted to FFRs (6)

xx

A 
Nuclear
HE
Chemical (incl. smoke)
Preformed Fragments
Sub-munitions
Terminally guided munitions.
37
Q

Where are rocket fuzes usually located?

What about newer fuzes?

A

Normally positioned inside the ballistic nose cone

Newer fuzes incorporate electronics for fuzing

38
Q

What are FFR Launchers for?

A

Support, transport and aim the rockets

In simpliest form they may be expendable

39
Q

Thrust Misalignment

A

A condition caused when the thrust does not pass through the CoG and causes the rocket to PITCH or YAW

40
Q

How do we overcome Thrust Alignment?

A
  • Manufacturing to closer tolerances
  • Impart a slow rate of spin
  • Reduce motor burning time
  • Addition of fins
41
Q

Factors Affecting Rocket Accuracy (3)

xx

A

Surface Cross Winds
Propellant burning rate
Launcher induced errors

42
Q
  1. Principles of RCL
A

If 2 weights can be fired at equal velocity in opposite directions then the weapon will be recoiless

43
Q

Disadvantages of RCL

A
  • Low velocity
  • Flash dust signature
  • Large propelling charge (recoiless!)
44
Q

Advantages of RCL

A

No recoil
low weight
man portable

45
Q

Ammunition types *(84mm) (9)

A 
HE
HEAT
HEDP
Smoke
Illum
ASM (Anti-structure)
PRAC
6.5mm sub-cal
Drill
46
Q

In the RCL system, the breech obturator is replaced by what?

A

The Venturi

47
Q
  1. Definition of a Mine
A

An explosive or other material, normally encased, designed to destroy or damage, vehicles, boats or aircraft, designed to wound, kill or otherwise incapacitate personnel. It may be detonated by the action of its victim by the passage of time, or by controlled means

48
Q

What are the 5 components that make up a mine?

xx

A 
Warhead
Sensor and fuze
     - Mechanical
     - Electronic
Safety and Arming Unit
Power Source
Case
49
Q

Mine effects categorised by type of obstacle: (4)

A

Disrupt
Turn
Fix
Block

50
Q

Operational Characteristics of Mines? (10)

A 
Sensitivity
Ease of Laying
Resistance to Counter measures
Delaying arming
Sterilisation       (neutralisation)
Self-neutralisation
Self-Destruct
Remote Control
Recording and marking
51
Q

Sensitivity: Actuation Weights for pressure-operated fuzes for Anti-Pers and Anti-Vehicle (Anti-tank)

A

AP: 8-50kg
AV: 200-250kg

52
Q

3 Types of Warheads?

A

HE blast
Shrapnel
Shaped charges/EFP

53
Q

Dependent upon their use, 4 groups/types of AT Mines ?(4)

A
  • Pattern
  • Scatterable
  • Side Attack / Off-route
  • Area Defence Weapons
54
Q

3 categories of Anti-Pers Mines?

xx

A

Pressure activated
Omni-directional
Directional Fragmentation

55
Q

Mine Laying Methods

A 
Hand
Mechanical
Scatterable Mine Laying Systems
      - Vehicle
      - Artillery
      - Aircraft
56
Q

Mine Counter Measures (3)

xx

A 
Hand breaching
Explosive breaching
Mechanical breaching
      - Flail
      - Roller
      - Plough
57
Q
  1. What is the in-service artillery
A

Howitzer, Towed, 155mm M777A2

58
Q

Projectile HE M107.

A

Fill Comp B

Tapered boat tail
Fuzes
- PD
- MT
- PROX
59
Q

Projectile HE M795

A 
TNT main fill
Fuzes
- PD
- MT
- ET
- Multi-option
60
Q

SMArt DM702A1

A

2 x sub-munitions

HMX; EFP warhead

61
Q

Types of Projectiles for M777A2

A 
HE M107                      (blast and Frag)
HE M795                     (B&F)
SMArt                           (Fire and Forget)
HE XM982                   (GPS guided, Fin stabilised)
Illuminating M485A2  (Illuminating)
WP M825A1                 (WP - dense smoke screen)
62
Q

Propellants.

A

M232A1
M231
M.

63
Q

M1A1 Abrams MBT

A

120mm M256 Smoothbore

64
Q

Capabilities of Armour

A 
Firepower

Mobility

Protection

Networked Communication

Sensors
65
Q

120mm natures - overview

A
  • 120mm APFSDS-T KE-W A2
  • 120mm TPCSDS-T M865
  • 120mm CANISTER M1028
  • 120mm HEAT-MP-T M830A1
  • 120mm TP-T M831A1
  • .05 Cal SLAP-T
66
Q

What is to be used when handling 120mm tank ammunition?

xx

A

Dry cotton gloves

67
Q

What does CCC stand for?

xx

A

Combustible Car case

68
Q

What are the types of Fuzes for a Projectile

  • 155mm HE M795
  • M107?

xx

A

M107

  • PD
  • MT
  • PROX

M795

  • PD
  • MT
  • ET
  • Multi-option
69
Q

Max rate of fire of M777A2?

xx

A

4 rounds per minute for 2 mins,

then 2 every min

70
Q

Types of Mortar fire

xx

A 
Preparation fire
Covering fire
Defensive fire
Counter Battery fire
Harassing fire
Smoke (screening and blinding)
Illuminating
71
Q

Four main characteristics:

xx

A 
Smooth Bore

No Recoil Mechanism

Restricted to use at elevations above 800 mils

Muzzle loaded
72
Q

There are 4 TYPES of 81mm mortar Ammunition in service?

A 
HE

Smoke  -  WP and RP

Illumination  -  IR iIlumination and Visible Light

Training
73
Q

Components of a Mortar

A

Barrel
Baseplate
Bipod
Sight

74
Q

81mm Mortar Ammunition

A 
HE,
illum
illum IR
Smk WP
Training
75
Q

60mm Mortar Ammunition

A 
HE,
illum
illum IR
Smk WP
Prac
76
Q

Difference bxn Single and double based propellants

A

double is 15-20% more energetic, but increased erosion

77
Q 
SAA Colour coding of projectile tips:
Black
Silver
Blue
Yellow
Red
Uncoloured
A 
Black - AP
Silver - API
Blue - Incendiary
Yellow - Observing
Red - Tracer
Uncoloured - Ball
78
Q

Name the 8 types of grenades

A
  • HE Anti-pers
  • HEAT/HEDP
  • Smoke
  • Chemical
  • Flash / Noise
  • Incendiary
  • Prac
  • Illuminating

AmmoTech (41 decks)

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