Intro To Immunity

Question 1

What are the 2 ways to gain immunity

Answer 1

Actively - via infection (natural) or artificially via vaccine

Passively - gain antibodies from mother (natural) or plasma with antibodies (artificial)

Question 2

What does innate response mean

Answer 2

Response from birth
No memory
Limited protection
Happens before infection

Question 3

Give examples of innate responses from birth before infection

Answer 3

Inflammation, phagocytosis , NK cells, interferons

Question 4

How is adaptive immunity different

Answer 4

Only occurs after infection not from birth

Has memory for secondary exposure

Slower response because specific recognition

Question 5

Which response uses immune organs

Answer 5

Adaptive

Question 6

Give 6 events in adaptive immunity

Answer 6

Apc and T cell bind

T cell activates and proliferates/ differentiates

B cells become actives

Some mature into plasma cells

Memory (effector) t and B cells produce

Antibodies produced by plasma cells

Question 7

Why would pregnancy cause higher infection

Answer 7

Immunosuppression happens

Question 8

Why antibodies pass from mother to child in natural passive immunity

Answer 8

IGG

Question 9

Why does stress cause immunosuppression

Answer 9

Release of cortisol from hypothalamus

Question 10

Explain the structure of antibodies

Answer 10

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains

Heavy chains linked via disulfide bonds (S-S)

The top is called variable regions , bottom is constant region

Question 11

What is serology

Answer 11

Measures antibodies to measure how effective a vaccination is

Serology such as latex agglutination or Elisa is used for specific interactions

Question 12

What is clonal selection

Answer 12

Identifying the right lymphocyte for the antigen (many from 1 common lymphoid progenitor)

Question 13

What is clonal deletion

Answer 13

The removal of lymphocytes which are immature self reactive with an antigen

Stops auto immunity

Question 14

What is on a lymphocyte which is specific

Answer 14

Receptor

Question 15

What cells are produced when antigen binds to lymphocytes

Answer 15

Effector cells which are identical in specificity

Question 16

Name 4 things produced by the lymphoid progenitor

Answer 16

B cells, T cells, NK , ILC

Question 17

Where are the 4 things produced by lymphoid progenitor produced

Answer 17

Lymph nodes

Question 18

What do macrophages and other leukocytes stem from

Answer 18

The macrophage/granulocyte progenitor from the common myeloid progenitor

Question 19

What do the myeloblast differentiate into

Answer 19

Neutrophils, eosino phils, baso phils and monocytes

Question 20

What do monocytes differentiate into

Answer 20

Dendritic cells and macrophages

Question 21

What are the tissues called where lymphocytes are produced

Answer 21

Primary lymphoid tissues

Question 22

What are the 2 immune organs that are primary lymphoid organs

Answer 22

Thymus and bone marrow

Question 23

Which lymphocytes develop in the thymus (central lymphoid organ)

Answer 23

T cells

Question 24

Why is the bone marrow a central lymphoid organ (primary lymphoid tissue)

Answer 24

Because the haematopoietic stem cells come from the bone marrow and differentiate in to the lymphoid and myeloid progenitors

Question 25

Name some examples of secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 25

Lymph nodes, MALT, spleen, tonsils

Question 26

Why is it suggested adaptive immune response only happens at secondary lymphoid tissues like the lymph nodes or spleen

Answer 26

This is where lymphocytes circulate in the blood or lymph and can bind to antigens to cause response / proliferation

Question 27

What are the vessels going in to lymph node and out

Answer 27

Afferent and efferent lymphatics (carry the lymphocytes)

Question 28

Where in the lymph node is B cells found

Answer 28

Primary follicle

Question 29

Where are active B cells found in the lymph nodes

Answer 29

Germinal centres of the secondary follicles

Question 30

Which area are T cells found in the lymph node

Answer 30

Paracortixal area

Question 31

Why is MALT secondary lymphoid tissue different to lymph nodes

Answer 31

It is non capsulated unlike the other secondary lymphoid tissues like spleen and nodes

Question 32

Where are MALT found

Answer 32

Intestines and respiratory tracts

Question 33

Where are the respiratory malts found

Answer 33

Nasopharyngeal tissue (in adenoids and tonsils)

And also bronchi lymphoid tissue

Question 34

Where are intestinal malts found

Answer 34

Peyers patch in small intestine

And follicles in intestinal mucosae