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Psych/Sociology > Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

compare sensation to perception

A

looking out the window sensation is the wavelengths hitting the retina and perception is organizing the colors and shapes to recognize a tree

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2
Q

what are the 4 properties that sensory receptors communicate to the CNS

A

modality
location
intensity
duration

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3
Q

exteroceptors vs interoceptors

A

stimuli of outside world vs stimuli inside the body

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4
Q

olfactory and gustatory receptors are chemoreceptors , how do they differ

A

olfactory - respond to volatile chemicals in the air and are sensitive to many many different compounds
gustatory - respond to chemicals in food and only have a limited amount of tastes

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5
Q

mechanoreceptors are responsible for

A

touch

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6
Q

what are proprioceptors

A

give a sense of the relative position of the parts of our body in space

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7
Q

what is the difference between proximal and distal stimuli

A

proximal - what a sensory receptor detects , ie lightwaves hitting your eye
distal - the object that causes those signals , ie the bark and leave that absorb and emit certain wavelengths

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8
Q

what is the absolute threshold

what is crucial to remember about this

A

level of intensity a stimulus must have to be picked up by sensory neurons, usually about 50%
yes or no - if doesn’t reach threshold then nothing happened at all

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9
Q

can a stimulis be above the threshold of perception while still remain below the threshold of conscious perception

A

yes

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10
Q

what is the just noticeable difference

A

exactly what it sounds like

I can tell the difference between a 5 and 15 lb weight but not a 5 and 10lb

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11
Q

what is psychophysical discrimination testing

A

test whether subjects can tell the difference between two stimuli
ex. can you tell the difference between 5 and 10lb weight

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12
Q

what is webers law

A

any given sensory input the just noticeable difference will be a constant proportion of the original
I can tell the difference between 10 and 11 lb weight which is 10% so I can tell the difference between 100 and 110 lb weight

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13
Q

where does webers law break down

A

at the extremes

ex can’t tell the difference between a 10000 and 11000lb weight

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14
Q

what is signal detection theory

A

brain is filtering through input to identify signals that need responding to

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15
Q

use the bear analogy to represent all the terms in signal detection theory

A

bear is actually present and we perceive it as present and run - hit
bear is there and we don’t notice - miss
we think bear is there but it isn’t - false alarm
we dont think bear is there and its not - correct rejection

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16
Q

what is sensory adaptation

A

ability to get used to stimuli

ie don’t notice the shirt on your back

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17
Q

what are the two different types of receptors in regards to sensory adaptation

A

phasic - quick response to stimulus then stop ex.hair follicles
tonic - adapt slowly and continue to send action potentials as long as stimulus is present – think slowly sip gin and TONIC

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18
Q

difference between top down and bottom up processing

A

listening to a song
start off with perceiving the beat of the music and processing it to be a certain song - bottom up
then once you know the song your brain knows what should be coming next - top down

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19
Q

how can our sensory processing cause someone to not find an object thats right in front of you

A

top down - skim over it but you don’t expect it to be there

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20
Q

what are gestalt principles

A

how we perceive things as whole

best to just look at examples of these

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21
Q

principle of proximity

A

objects close together look like groups

22
Q

principle of similarity

A

objects that are similar look like groups ex. if they’re all the same color

23
Q

principle of good continuation

how can this be violated

A

if objects overlap we see them as lines or curves extending

by color that the principle of similarity would take over

24
Q

principle of closure

A

we see complete shapes even when they aren’t

25
Q

principle of symmetry

A

we see shapes that are symmetrical as a whole

26
Q

what are cones for

A

color and fine detail

27
Q

where are most of the cones found

A

fovea

28
Q

what are rods for

A

visual input in low light

29
Q

where are rods distributed

A

away from centre of retina so peripheral vision is good

30
Q

what are rods made of

A

rhodopsin

31
Q

what does the cornea do

A

protects the eye and focuses incoming light

32
Q

what does the lens do

A

changes shapes to help the eye focus on objects at various distance
flat to see objects further away
round to help see nearer objects

33
Q

describe the path through which light enters the eye

A 
cornea
anterior chamber
lens 
posterior chamber 
retina
34
Q

describe the cells involved in photo transduction

A

starts with the photoreceptors rods and cones in the retina

horizontal cells connect these to the bipolar cells which connect to ganglia cells via amacrine cells

35
Q

how is the right visual field processed on the right and the left on the left side of the brain

A

travels through optic nerve then at the optic chiasm the nasal sides cross over

36
Q

how does light information travel from the optic nerve to occipital lobe

A

after the optic chiasm the tract runs to the lateral geniculate nucleus in the thalamus which is resposible for sending signals to the superior colliculus

37
Q

what are the two types of cells in the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

magnocellular - motion

parvocellular - picking up details

38
Q

what is motion parallax and an example

A

objects closer to us move further across our visual field

this is why when your driving far away hills move slow but close by rush by very fast

39
Q

what is parallel processing

A

integrating all input simultaneously

40
Q

what is serial processing

A

sort incoming inout to find specific info

ex. looking for keys

41
Q

describe the process of making sound

A

outer ear catches sound waves then the bones in the middle ear amplify the sound waves. endolymph bathed hair cells with stereo cilia detectors in the organ of corti turn the vibrations into an action potential that moves into the brain to the auditory cortex

42
Q

what determines the frequency and amplitude of sounds

A

high frequency sound waves = high frequency vibrations

amplitude of waves = intensity

43
Q

basic job of inner middle and outer ear

A

inner - converts mechanical signal to neural
middle - amplify sound wave
outer - gather sound wave

44
Q

how are nerve cells in the organ of corti transferred to the brain

A

vestibulocochlear nerve to medial geniculate nucleaus in the thalamus to the auditory cortex in the temporal lobe

45
Q

left vs right temporal lobe

A 
left = speech
right = music and background noise sounds
46
Q

what is somatosensation

A

all sensation about and within the body

47
Q

what is the 2 point threshold

A

min distance between 2 simultaneously stimulated points must be apart to be perceived as two points not just 1

48
Q

what will have a lower 2 point threshold

A

fingers because there is more innervation

49
Q

what is the gate theory of pain

A

body can turn pain signals on or off in the spinal cord

explains why a very painful stimulus can over ride a not so painful one

50
Q

how is taste processed

A

taste centre of the thalamus then sent to the gustatory complex

51
Q

how are smells processed

A

first in the olfactory bulb then passed along the olfactory tract to the limbic system (this is why smells can be associated with emotion!)

52
Q

how can you determine the areas with lots of receptors

A

the homunculus guy who has big hands lips tongue and feet

Psych/Sociology (18 decks)

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