Patient Care

Question 1

Cats in kennels?

Answer 1

Cats in kennels?

.Cats - are macrosmatic their sensitive sense of smell drives many of their behavioural responses.

.Some odours can cause fear or anxiety. In cages cats using ‘‘synthetic feline facial pheromones’’ may have a calming effect when stressed.

Question 2

Dogs in kennels?

Answer 2

Dogs in kennels?

.Get separation anxiety.

.Need exposure to external environment because they have a good sense of smell and like smelling things to stimulate the olfactory receptor.

.Adaptil - is a synthetic canine appeasing pheromone which supports dogs in a range of stressful situations.

.Kennels should be 18-22°c and monitored daily.

Question 3

Ferrets in kennels?

Answer 3

Ferrets in kennels?

.Can predate upon rabbits and botu should be housed as far away as possible as the odour of a ferret can be potent.

Question 4

Rabbits in kennels?

Answer 4

Rabbits in kennels?

.Choose a cage as far away from cats and dogs as possible.

Question 5

Stress?

Answer 5

Stress?

.Cortisol levels are high in stressed patients and causes panting

.Stress delays wound healing

.Chronic stress can affect the GI system

.Causes hypertension, tachycardia, increased cholesterol and cortisol levels.

.If the stress exceeds the benefit of the procedure then avoid for now and try when calm.

Question 6

Parameters for hospitalised patients?

Answer 6

Parameters for hospitalised patients?

.Cardiovascular .Pulmonary

.Gastrointestinal .Urinary/renal

.Musculoskeletal .Reproductive

.Integumentary/ lymphatic

.Neurological/ sensory

.Incisions/ wounds .Pain

.Self care .Catheters/ drains

Question 7

Temperature?

Answer 7

Temperature?

.Thermometers should be placed carefully against the mucosa to avoid measuring faecal temperature.

.Dog - 38.3 - 38.7°c

.Cat - 38.0 - 38.5°c

Question 8

Pyrexia?

Answer 8

Pyrexia?

.May indicate pain, infection, sepsis, convulsion activity

.Cool down by fluids at room temperature, bathe in cool water, ice packs, wet blankets, spray with water and fans.

Question 9

Hypothermia?

Answer 9

Hypothermia?

.May indicate shock, hypovolemia, moribund patient.

.Temp below 36°c must be warmed from the core using fluids at no more than 40°c, blankets, heater, water bottles.

.Hypothermia in hypovolemic shock should not be treated first because it will cause more damage as direct heat causes vasodilation.

Question 10

Pulse?

Answer 10

Pulse?

.Dog = 60 - 180 bpm

.Cat = 120 - 180 bpm

.Slow pulse - Hypothermia, circulatory failure, hyperkalemia.

.Rapid pulse - pain, pyrexia, sepsis, disease, shock, ventricular tachycardia.

.Pulse deficit - pulse slower or absent in relation to the corresponding heart sound. Listen and feel pulse together.

.Hyperkinetic pulse - anaemia, fever, sepsis, cardiac disease, hyperthyroidism.

Question 11

Sinus arrhythmia?

Answer 11

Sinus arrhythmia?

.During inspiration the pulse rate will increase and during expiration it will decrease.

Question 12

Hypokinetic?

Answer 12

Hypokinetic?

.Hypovolemic shock, dehydration, heart problems.

Question 13

Respiratory sounds?

Answer 13

Respiratory sounds?

.A normal animal will breathe almost silently, so any sound can be abnormal.

Question 14

Cyanosed MM?

Answer 14

Cyanosed MM?

.Patient should be supplied with oxygen before calling the vet.

Question 15

Mucous membranes?

Answer 15

Mucous membranes?

.Pale MM - low PCV or circulatory shutdown

.Tacky MM - indicate dehydration

.Slow CRT - heart failure, hypovolemic shock, severe vasoconstriction

.No CRT - septic shock or pyrexia

Question 16

Oxygen delivery methods?

Answer 16

Oxygen delivery methods?

.During oxygen therapy the Pa02 should be five times the Fio2.

.Flow by oxygen .Facemask

.Nasal catheter .Oxygen cage

.Oxygen buster collar

.Intratracheal catheter

Question 17

Fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2)?

Answer 17

Fraction of inspired oxygen (Fio2)?

.Fraction of inspired oxygen (%)

.Achieved by oxygen delivery

.During oxygen therapy the Pao2 should be five times the Fio2

Question 18

Activities of living?

Answer 18

Activities of living?

.Maintenance of a safe environment

.Communicating

.Breathing

.Eating & drinking

.Eliminating

.Personal cleaning

.Controlling body temperature

.Mobilising

.Working & playing

.Sleeping

Dying

Question 19

Diarrhea?

Answer 19

Diarrhea?

.Keep anus area clipped and tail bandaged.

.Give iv fluids because of water lost through diarrhea.

.Short term diet of easily digestible food, low in fat and high in quality proteins or low sensitivity diet.

Question 20

Coughing?

Answer 20

Coughing?

.To expel mucous or foreign bodies from the trachea.

Question 21

Recumbent patients?

Answer 21

Recumbent patients?

.Aid walking around to help improve circulation to joints and prevent muscle atrophy and improve mental well being.

.Food should be highly digestible.

.Take out to defecate, urinate and turn every 4 hours, offer water every 3 hours

.Groom them, clip anus, use vaseline to prevent urine scalding.

.Give lots of bedding or bandages to prevent sores

.Do physiotherapy on limbs and massage.

Question 22

Neonate hand feeding?

Answer 22

Neonate hand feeding?

.Up to 7 days old feed every 2 hours

.7 days to 5 weeks feed every 3-4 hours

.After 5 weeks weaning should be encouraged by offering semi-solid, highly palatable, high calorie density food.

.Can use syringe at first if bottle feed if needed

Question 23

Neonate elimination?

Answer 23

Neonate elimination?

.Up to 4 weeks of age stimulation is required to induce the neonate to defecate & urinate.

Question 24

Neonate temperature?

Answer 24

Neonate temperature?

For the first 7 days the temp should be 29°c decreasing to 26°c for the next 7 days and then 20°c until 6 weeks of age.

Question 25

Hospitalisation of neonates?

Answer 25

Hospitalisation of neonates?

.Long periods of hospitalization under the age of 14 weeks can have an affect on behaviour e.g. lack of teaching from mother.

Question 26

Senior dogs?

Answer 26

Senior dogs?

.Energy requirements are 20% less than its younger counterpart.

.Reduction in olfactory senses and impaired taste buds.

.Reduced bladder or anal sphincter tone. So give more chance to go outside.

.Drug toxicity - reduction in renal & hepatic function makes metabolism of the drugs less efficient and overdosing can occur.

Question 27

Weight gain?

Answer 27

Weight gain?

.Can increase strain on the joints of animals with arthritis. Use senior good quality food and feed the correct amount for its weight.

Question 28

Decubital/ pressure ulcer?

Answer 28

Decubital/ pressure ulcer?

.Pressure on the skin from body weight while lying down cuts off the blood supply to the skin and injures tissue cells.

.Common sites - spine of scapula, humerus, sternum, tibia and digits.

Question 29

Hypostatic pneumonia?

Answer 29

Hypostatic pneumonia?

.Fluid on the chest of a patient in lateral recumbency.

.Caused by the underlying lung becoming squashed.

Question 30

Ventral recumbency?

Answer 30

Ventral recumbency?

.Lying on the abdomen

Question 31

Dorsal recumbency?

Answer 31

Dorsal recumbency?

.Lying on the back

Question 32

Lateral recumbency?

Answer 32

Lateral recumbency?

.Lying on the side

Question 33

First aid steps?

Answer 33

First aid steps?

.Airway - check is clear and there is no blood, mucus, vomit or excess saliva and check MM for colour.

.Breathing - check for clear noises. Any noisy or laboured breathing may indicate injury to the respiratory tract.

.Circulation - check the pulse rate on the femoral or tarsal arteries and listen for the heart sounds. Check CRT.

.Temperature - check body temperature by feeling extremities and taking using rectum. Any change may indicate circulatory problems and shock.

.Consciousness - check general demeanour of patient: alertness, responsive to noise, ability to stand, panicking or calm.

Question 34

Capillary refill time?

Answer 34

Capillary refill time?

.Gives you information on the amount of blood flow to tissues.

Question 35

IM injections?

Answer 35

IM injections?

.A large muscle has a large surface area for absorption of the substance being injected.

.The quadriceps muscles, the dorsal lumbar (epaxial) muscles and the pectoral muscles.

Question 36

Venipuncture?

Answer 36

Venipuncture?

.A vein is used rather than artery because veins are closer to the skin’s surface than arteries, they have a thinner wall than that of an artery and, blood is under a significantly pressure.

.Sites - marginal ear, jugular, cephalic, saphenous, brachial, medial metatarsal, ulnar, ventral tail, ventral abdominal, cardiac and dorsal coccygeal.