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CELS191 > Molecular Biology & Genetics 2 - Meiosis & Mitosis > Flashcards

Molecular Biology & Genetics 2 - Meiosis & Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in acellular RNA?

A

Viruses

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2
Q

How does acellular RNA store genetic information?

A

Double stranded or single stranded DNA or RNA

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3
Q

What is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria

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4
Q

How do prokaryotic organisms store genetic information?

A

Circular, single copy, naked double stranded DNA

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5
Q

What is included in eukaryotic organisms?

A

Protists, fungi, plants and animals

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6
Q

How is genetic information stored in eukaryotic organisms?

A

Linear, at least a single copy, his tone-bound DNA; sexual cycle

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7
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An ordered, visual representation of the chromosomes in a cell

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8
Q

How are chromosomes ordered in a karyotype?

A

Homologous chromosomes are paired together, ordered in decreasing size and in groups

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9
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Chromosomes which don’t determine gender while x and y do. Y chromosome means male

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10
Q

What is a locus?

A

A place on a chromosome where a particular gene is found

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11
Q

What is an allele?

A

Alternative forms of genes

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12
Q

What is meant by a homozygote?

A

Having the same alleles at a particular locus

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13
Q

What is meant by a heterozygote?

A

Having different alleles at a particular locus

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14
Q

What is the cell cycle needed for?

A

Development from a fertiliser cell, growth to adult and repair

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15
Q

What is G1?

A

Growth 1

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16
Q

What is S?

A

Synthesis (when replication of DNA occurs)

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17
Q

What is G2?

A

Growth 2

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18
Q

What is included in interphase?

A

Growth 1, synthesis and growth 2

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19
Q

What is included in the mitotic phase?

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis

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20
Q

What are duplicated chromosomes?

A

Two sister chromatids which later separate during mitosis

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21
Q

What is the centromere?

A

Pinched part in the middle of duplicated chromosomes

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22
Q

What is the chromosome arms?

A

Parts of the chromosomes which are found either side of the centromere

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23
Q

How are duplicated chromosomes formed?

A

Single chromosomes turn into a pair during duplication. Sister chromatids have identical information most of the time

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24
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A

Two genetically identical daughter cells are produced

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25
Q

How many phases are in mitosis?

A

5

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26
Q

What is the first phase of mitosis?

A

Prophase

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27
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible. The mitotic spindle also forms

28
Q

What is the second phase of mitosis?

A

Prometaphase

29
Q

What happens during prometaphase?

A

The nuclear envelope dissolved and the mitotic spindle attaches to the sister chromatids at the centromere

30
Q

What is the kinetichore?

A

Attachment between the chromosome and microtubules

31
Q

What are kinetichore microtubules?

A

Microtubules which attach to the chromosomes

32
Q

What are non-kinetichore microtubules?

A

Microtubules which don’t attach to the chromosomes

33
Q

What is the third phase of mitosis?

A

Metaphase

34
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

All the chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell in a plane (metaphase plate). Centrosomes have moved to opposite ends (poles) of the cell

35
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

Where mitotic spindles spread from

36
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

Kinetichore microtubules get shorter and tear apart the pairs of sister chromosomes to form daughter chromosomes. This means each side of the cell will have the same information. Non- kinetichore microtubules become longer to help push the two poles apart

37
Q

What is the fifth phase of mitosis?

A

Telophase and cytokinesis

38
Q

What happens during telophase and cytokinesis?

A

Each new cell has a single copy of each chromosome. Nuclear envelope forms in each cell and in cytokinesis the cytoplasm of the two cells is separated

39
Q

How do single felled organisms usually reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

40
Q

How do multicellular plants and animals reproduce?

A

Vegetative means

41
Q

What are some single celled organisms?

A

Amoeba, paramecium, yeasts, algae

42
Q

What are some multi-cellular plants and animals?

A

Runners, bulbs, tubers, rhizomes, hydra, anemone, sponge and starfish

43
Q

What is the sexual cycle found in?

A

Most eukaryotes

44
Q

What is the process of the sexual cycle?

A

Meiosis»>Haploid gametes (sperm-n and egg-n (n=23))»>fertilisation»>diploid zygote (2n=46)

45
Q

What would happen if garnered were produced by mitosis?

A

They would be 2n and resulting embryos would be 4n. A cell division process which halves the number of chromosomes going into gametes (n), so that the diploid number (2n) is retained in the zygote

46
Q

What occurs during interphase of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes duplicate

47
Q

What happens during Meiosis l?

A

Homologous chromosomes separate

48
Q

What happens during Meiosis lol?

A

Sister chromatids separate

49
Q

What happens at prophase l?

A

Spindle apparatus (microtubules) forms joining the centrosomes together, the nuclear envelope dissolved, homologous chromosomes align and synapse and crossing over also occurs

50
Q

What happens during crossing over?

A

It occurs at the chiasmata of non-sister chromatids and results in the chromatids being a mix of pieces from each homologous chromosome

51
Q

What is the chiasmata?

A

Where non-sister chromatids touch during crossing over

52
Q

What happens during Metaphase l?

A

Paired homologous chromosomes which are still connected at the chiasmata move to the metaphase plate and the chiasmata line up there

53
Q

What happens during anaphase l?

A

Recombined homologous chromosomes separate (disjoin)- it is random as to which direction the maternal and paternal chromosomes go

54
Q

What is the difference between anaphase in meiosis l compared to mitosis?

A

Sister chromatids remain attached in meiosis l which is different to mitosis where they separate

55
Q

What happens in telophase l and cytokinesis?

A

Haploid cells with duplicated chromosomes (the pairs of sister chromatids) form

56
Q

Why are cells formed in meiosis called haploid?

A

Because they only have half they genetic information

57
Q

What happens during Meiosis ll?

A

Sister chromatids are separated in the same process as meiosis l except crossing over doesn’t occur

58
Q

What is the result of meiosis?

A

4 daughter cells which each contain half the genetic information of the original cells

59
Q

What is unique to mitosis?

A

Chromosomes align independently, no chiasmata so no crossing over, centromeres on metaphase plate, chromatids disjoin, 2n to 2n

60
Q

What is unique to Meiosis l?

A

Homologous chromosomes synapse, chiasmata are present and they align on the metaphase plate, chromosomes disjoin, 2n to n

61
Q

How does sexual reproduction cause genetic diversity?

A

Independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over and random fertilisation of gametes

62
Q

What does genetic diversity allow selective responses to?

A

Spatially variable environments, changing environments and sibling-sibling competition

63
Q

What is segregation and independent assortment?

A

Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up independently of each other. Therefore when segregation occurs there is many possible combinations of chromosomes in the daughter cells

64
Q

What is the number of possible gametes?

A

2 ^n where n is the haploid number. This is without crossing over

65
Q

What does crossing over result in?

A

Four different gametes which are all genetically different from each other therefore creating genetic diversity

CELS191 (23 decks)

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