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CELS191 > Molecular Biology & Genetics 4- Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Molecular Biology & Genetics 4- Transcription & Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What does the Central Dogma of Molecular Biology show?

A

How information flows in the cell

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2
Q

What is the flow of information in the original model of the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA (information) >transcription> RNA (messenger) >translation> Protein (worker)

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3
Q

What is the flow of information in the more recent and complex model of the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

DNA (information) +replication >transcription and reverse transcription> RNA (messenger) + replication >translation> Protein (worker)

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4
Q

What is gene expression?

A

The process by which information from a gene is used in the synthesis of a functional gene product

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5
Q

What are functional gene products?

A

Proteins and non-coding RNA

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6
Q

What is non-coding RNA?

A

An RNA molecule which won’t give rise to a protein, it instead has some other function

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7
Q

What is a gene?

A

A defined region (sequence) of DNA that produces a type of RNA molecule that has some function

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8
Q

What are the 3 possible functions of gene sequences?

A

Responsible for the regulation of synthesis of RNA, producing RNA and being responsible for the further processing of RNA

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9
Q

What is transcription?

A

DNA-dependent RNA synthesis where a double stranded DNA molecule is used as instructions to make a single stranded RNA molecule

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10
Q

What catalyses transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

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11
Q

What does RNA Polymerase do?

A

Synthesises mRNA by catalysing the formation of phosphodiester bonds between ribonucleotides. It also selects the correct nucleotides to incorporate into mRNA based on the sequence of DNA which is being transcribed

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12
Q

What are the two DNA strands called in relation to transcription?

A

Coding strand (5’>3’) and template/non-coding strand (3’>5’)

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13
Q

What is the coding strand?

A

It contains the information which the cell needs

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14
Q

What is the non-coding strand?

A

The DNA strand which is complementary to the coding strand and contains information which isn’t needed by the cell

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15
Q

What strand of DNA is used as the template?

A

The non-coding strand

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16
Q

Why is the non-coding strand used as the template?

A

So that the RNA strand produced (RNA transcript) is complementary and contains the information found on the coding strand

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17
Q

What are the three steps of transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation and Termination

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18
Q

In basic terms what is initiation?

A

The starting of transcription

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19
Q

In basic terms what is elongation?

A

The addition of nucleotides

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20
Q

In basic terms what is termination?

A

When transcription stops

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21
Q

What is found before the coding region of a gene?

A

The promotor region

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22
Q

What is within the promoter region?

A

An AT rich region called the TATA box

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23
Q

What do transcription factors do?

A

Binds to the TATA box and other regions of the promoter region

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24
Q

What happens once the transcription factors are bound?

A

The RNA Polymerase II binds to the area so that together RNA Polymerase II and the transcription factors can form the transcriptional initiation complex

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25
Q

What happens after the transcriptional initiation complex is formed?

A

The two DNA strands separate (10-20 nucleotides at a time) and RNA Polymerase II starts mRNA synthesis without the need of a primer - the RNA transcription has a 3’ OH group

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26
Q

What happens during elongation?

A

RNA Polymerase II uses the template strand, which runs in the 3’ > 5’ direction, as a template and inserts complementary RNA nucleotides in the 5’ > 3’ direction

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27
Q

What is the coding sequence in eukaryotic genes?

A

Portion of a genes DNA that is translated into a protein

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28
Q

What is the promoter in eukaryotic genes?

A

A DNA segment recognised by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription

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29
Q

What are UTR’s?

A

Untranslated regions of a eukaryotic gene which are transcribed but not translated

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30
Q

What do UTR’s contain?

A

Regulatory elements (sequences) that influence on gene expression at the transcriptional/translational level

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31
Q

What does the 5’ UTR do?

A

Facilitate the addition of the 5’ G cap (G=guanine)

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32
Q

What does the 3’ UTR do?

A

Facilitate the addition go the 3’ Poly-A tail

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33
Q

What is the function of the 5’ G cap?

A

Preventing mRNA degradation, promoting intron excision and providing a binding site for small ribosomal subunits

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34
Q

What is the Poly-A tail?

A

A long stretch of Adenine nucleotides

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35
Q

What is the function the Poly-A tail?

A

Preventing RNA degradation and facilitating the export of the mRNA from the nucleus into the cytoplasm through nuclear pores

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36
Q

What is the sequence of a gene in DNA?

A

Promoter which contains a TATA box, 5’ UTR, Coding sequence, 3’ UTR

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37
Q

What is the sequence of a gene in mRNA?

A

5’ G cap, 5’ UTR, coding sequence, 3’ UTR, Poly-A tail

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38
Q

What is the sequence of a gene in a protein?

A

Coding sequence only

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39
Q

The coding sequence in eukaryotes isn’t continuous, …

A

it is broken into regions with introns between

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40
Q

What are introns?

A

Non-coding begins which will be transcribed to form pre-mRNA (precursor mRNA) before being removed to form mRNA (mature RNA)

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41
Q

How are introns removed?

A

By splicing

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42
Q

In mRNA the coding region is…

A

continuous and therefore a protein can now be made

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43
Q

Where are non-coding regions found in eukaryotic genes?

A

Upstream and downstream of the coding sequence as well as within the coding sequence

44
Q

What are non-coding DNA elements involved in?

A

Regulating gene expression

45
Q

What would happen if changes “mutations” occurred in the non-coding gene sequence?

A

They may disrupt normal gene expression

46
Q

Where does transcription occur in prokaryotes?

A

The cytoplasm

47
Q

Where does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

A

The nucleus

48
Q

After discovering DNA, what was the question scientists had?

A

How does the cell get from one macromolecule (nucleic acid) to another (protein) when they are structurally and chemically very different from each other?

49
Q

How many amino acids and bases are there?

A

20 amino acids and 4 bases

50
Q

More than enough information is given by…

A

triplets so there will be some redundancy

51
Q

How much information is given by triplets?

A

There is 64 possible combinations

52
Q

What is the genetic code based of?

A

Triplet codon hypothesis

53
Q

What is a codon?

A

Three nucleotides that together specify a particular amino acid

54
Q

How many codons specify an amino acid?

A

61 of the 64

55
Q

How many codons do most amino acids have?

A

More than one although a few just have one

56
Q

What do the. codons which don’t specify an amino acid do?

A

Cause translation to stop

57
Q

What codon specifies start?

A

AUG

58
Q

What is the starting amino acid?

A

Methionine- it will always be the first amino acid in a sequence

59
Q

How is the genetic code read?

A

The amino acid is carried to the template by an adaptor molecule and that adaptor is the part which usually fits onto the RNA

60
Q

What is the adaptor molecule?

A

tRNA

61
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

It is a single strand of 70-80 RNA nucleotides. There is at least one tRNA for each amino acid and it has a 3 dimensional structure which fits ribosomes like a glove

62
Q

What does each tRNA have?

A

A region which can bind an amino acid and a region which can interact with mRNA

63
Q

How many loops are in a tRNA molecule?

A

3 which are all important

64
Q

Where is the amino acid attachment site on tRNA?

A

The 3’ end

65
Q

Where is the part which interacts with mRNA on tRNA?

A

At the tip of the bottom loop- 3 nucleotides (anticodon) bind to interact with the mRNA

66
Q

How does tRNA become charged?

A

An enzyme recognises both a specific amino acid and the correct tRNA for this amino acid and joins the two together with a covalent bond at the unique binding site

67
Q

How many different enzymes are there which are used in charging tRNA?

A

20- one for each different amino acid

68
Q

What is translation?

A

Synthesis of proteins by ribosomes using mRNA as a set of instructions

69
Q

What do ribosomes contain?

A

Ribosomal RNA and proteins

70
Q

What are some functional gene products which aren’t proteins?

A

tRNA and rRNA

71
Q

What are the two parts of the ribosome?

A

Small and large subunit

72
Q

What binds at the small subunit?

A

mRNA

73
Q

What binds at the large subunit?

A

tRNA

74
Q

How many sites are in a ribosome?

A

3

75
Q

What are the 3 sites in the ribosome?

A

A, P and E

76
Q

What happens at the A site?

A

Charged tRNA enters the ribosome

77
Q

What is located at the P site?

A

tRNA with a growing chain of amino acids

78
Q

What is above the P site and why?

A

A tunnel so that the amino acids can move out of the ribosome

79
Q

What happens at the E site?

A

Empty tRNA leaves the ribosome

80
Q

Where can ribosomes be found?

A

Bound to the rough ER and free in the cytosol

81
Q

What do ribosomes bound to the rough ER do?

A

synthesise proteins that are used within the plasma membrane or are exocytosed from the cell

82
Q

What do ribosomes free in the cytosol do?

A

Synthesise proteins that are released into the cytosol and used within the cell

83
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A

Initiation, Elongation and Termination

84
Q

What do all three stages of translation require?

A

Energy

85
Q

What is the first part of initiation?

A

A specific initiation tRNA carrying methionine binds to the small ribosomal subunit

86
Q

What happens once the initiation tRNA has bonded to the small ribosomal subunit?

A

The small ribosomal subunit/initiator tRNA identifies the 5’ G cap and attaches to the mRNA

87
Q

What happens once the ribosomal subunit/initiator tRNA identifies the 5’ G cap and attaches to the mRNA?

A

The small ribosomal subunit/initiator tRNA complex moves along the mRNA in the 3’ to 5’ direction until it finds the initiation AUG codon

88
Q

What happens once the initiation codon has been found?

A

The complex stops with the initiator tRNA carrying the first methionine positioned in the P site

89
Q

What happens once the methionine is positioned in the P site?

A

The large ribosomal subunit attaches

90
Q

What is the first part of elongation?

A

The next codon is read and a charged tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the A site codon lands in the A site

91
Q

What happens after the next codon is read and a charged tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the A site codon lands in the A site?

A

Two things happen at the same time:

  1. The ribosome will break the bond that binds the amino acid to the tRNA in the P site, transfer the amino acid to the newly arrived amino acid (attached to the tRNA in the A site) and form a peptide bond between them
  2. While the tRNA’s are bound to the mRNA (in the P and A sites), the ribosome moves three nucleotides down the mRNA
92
Q

What is in the A site in the first part of the second step of elongation?

A

tRNA with growing amino acid

93
Q

What is in the P site in the first part of the second step of elongation?

A

empty/uncharged tRNA

94
Q

What is in the P site in the second part of the second step of elongation?

A

tRNA with the growing chain of amino acids so that the amino acid chain can exit the tunnel above (it was in the A site)

95
Q

What is in the E site in the second part of the second step of elongation?

A

Uncharged tRNA which was originally in the P site

96
Q

What is the 3rd step of elongation?

A

In the E site the uncharged tRNA detaches from its anticodon and is released

97
Q

What is the last step of elongation?

A

A new charged tRNA with an anticodon complementary to the next A site codon enters the ribosome at the A sire and the elongation process repeats itself

98
Q

What is the first step on termination?

A

When the ribosome reaches a stop codon, a protein called release factor enters the A site

99
Q

What is the second step of termination?

A

Release factor breaks the bond between the P site tRNA (using water) and the final amino acid. This causes the polypeptide chain to detach from its tRNA and the newly made polypeptide is released

100
Q

What is the last step of elongation?

A

Small and large ribosomal subunits dissociate from the mRNA and each other

101
Q

What is genotype?

A

Sets of genes and/or DNA combinations that are responsible for a particular trait

102
Q

When is genotype determined?

A

At the DNA level

103
Q

What is phenotype?

A

Physical expression or characteristics of a genotype (traits or characteristics of an organism that can be observed)

104
Q

What is phenotype defined by?

A

What happens at the protein level together with the environmental influence

105
Q

What can be said about genotype and phenotype?

A

What happens at the DNA level is reflected at the protein level and genetic variation commonly leads to phenotypic variation

CELS191 (23 decks)

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