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AP HUG > AP HUG Unit 2 > Flashcards

AP HUG Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

The study of population characteristics. “demo”=population/people, “graphy”=writing

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2
Q

Population Distribution

A

How people are spread out through an area.

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3
Q

Physical Factors Influencing Population

A

Factors that influence where and how many people live in an area that are based on geographic/environmental strengths and weakness

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4
Q

Ecumene

A

The portion of Earth’s surface settled by humans

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5
Q

Human Factors Influencing Population

A

Factors that influence where and how many people live in an area that are based on human causes

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6
Q

Population Concentration

A

Where people are clustered

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7
Q

Population Distribution at a Global Scale

A

Where people are spread out across the globe

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8
Q

Population Distribution at a National Scale

A

Where people are spread out across a nation

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9
Q

Population Distribution at a Local Scale

A

Where people are spread out across a local area

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10
Q

Population Density

A

The amount of people over the amount of land in an area

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11
Q

Arithmetic Density

A

People per every unit every land in an area

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12
Q

Physiological Density

A

People per every unit of arable land in an area

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13
Q

Agricultural Densitty

A

Farmers per every unit of arable land in an area

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14
Q

Arable Land

A

Land that can be used for agriculture

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15
Q

Economic Implications

A

Impacts that are related to economic effects. In this context, impacts from density and distribution

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16
Q

Political Implications

A

Impacts that are related to politics. In this context, impacts from density and distribution

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17
Q

Social Implications

A

Impacts that are related to social effects. In this context, impacts from density and distribution

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18
Q

Environmental Implications

A

Impacts that are related to the environment. In this context, impacts from density and distribution

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19
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

The amount of people/animals a certain area can sustain without significant damage.

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20
Q

Overpopulation

A

Having a population that exceeds the carrying capacity of an area.

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21
Q

Infrastructure/Urban Services

A

Basic services used in the operation of a society

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22
Q

Ethnicity

A

Someones race, culture, or demographic.

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23
Q

Age-Sex Composition

A

These are factors that show you how old and what genders an area has

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24
Q

Sex Ratio

A

The percentage of males to females

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25
Q

Cohort

A

Different age groups on a population pyramid

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26
Q

Baby Boom

A

An explosion in the number of births

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27
Q

Baby Bust

A

A slowing of population growth after a baby boom

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28
Q

Echo

A

A spike or drop in a population as a result of an earlier spike or drop.

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29
Q

Dependency Ratio

A

The ratio of working-age people to the dependent population

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30
Q

Potential Workforce

A

People between the age of 15 and 65

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31
Q

Dependent Population

A

People above the age of 65 or below 15

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32
Q

Census

A

A survey that gathers data about population and demographics

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33
Q

Demographic Momentum

A

This is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

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34
Q

RNI

A

Rate of Natural Increase. The rate of growth for a population excluding any outside factors. Just CBR/CDR.

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35
Q

Population Doubling Time

A

The amount of time it takes for a population to double

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36
Q

ZPG

A

Zero Population Growth. People are dying at the same rate that they are being born

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37
Q

CBR

A

Crude Birth Rate. Total births per 1000 people

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38
Q

CDR

A

Crude Death Rate. Total deaths per 1000 people

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39
Q

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A

A model that predicts and explains population growth

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40
Q

Stage 1 (DTM)

A

This is the first stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by high fluctuating CBR and CDR.

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41
Q

Stage 2 (DTM)

A

This is the second stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by a declining CDR and a fairly stable CBR

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42
Q

Stage 3 (DTM)

A

This is the third stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by a decline in the CDR’s rate of decline and a declining CBR.

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43
Q

Stage 4 (DTM)

A

This is the fourth stage of the demographic transition model. It is characterized by a low fluctuating CBR and CDR

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44
Q

Stage 5 (DTM)

A

This is theorized to be the fifth stage of the demographic transition model. There are many different ideas of what this will look like, such as CBR and CDR stabliizing, CDR surpassing CBR, ect.

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45
Q

Expansive Population Pyramid

A

A population pyramid that has a wide base and a small top

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46
Q

Stationary Population Pyramid

A

A population pyramid that has mostly equal populations in its cohorts, gradually decreasing at the top.

47
Q

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A

This model explains and predicts epidemiological trends.

48
Q

Stage 1 (ETM)

A

This is the first stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by very high death rates from infectious diseases, famine, human conflicts, etc. It is also known as the “Pestilence and Famine” stage.

49
Q

Stage 2 (ETM)

A

This is the second stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by decreasing rates of pandemics due to improved medicine and sanitation. It is also known as the “Receding Pandemics” stage.

50
Q

Stage 3 (ETM)

A

This is the third stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by a continued lowering of the level of pandemics, but degenerative diseases like cancer and heart disease rates start to rise. It is also known as the “Degenerative and Human Created Diseases” stage

51
Q

Stage 4 (ETM)

A

This is the fourth stage of the epidemiological transition model. It is characterized by delayed onset of degenerative and age-related diseases due to an better medicine. It is also known as the “Delayed Degenerative Diseases” stage.

52
Q

Stage 5 (ETM)

A

This is theorized to be the fifth stage of the epidemiological transition model. There are many different ideas of what this will look like, but the most common one is an increased rate of infectious diseases and parasitic diseases due to antibiotic resistance. It is most commonly known as the “Reemerging of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases” stage

53
Q

Malthusian Theory

A

A theory that predicts that humans will outstrip their food supply due to population being predicted to increase exponentially as opposed to food supply, which is predicted to increase linearly.

54
Q

Neo-Malthusians

A

These are people who apply Mathus’ theories to the modern world.

55
Q

Pronatalist Policy

A

A policy that encourages births

56
Q

Antinatalist Policy

A

A policy that discourages births

57
Q

Immigration Policies

A

Policies that relate to immigration.

58
Q

Access to Education

A

Someone’s ability to get an education

59
Q

Access to Employment

A

Someone’s ability to get a job

60
Q

Access to Healthcare

A

Someone’s ability to get medical services

61
Q

Access to Contraception

A

Someone’s ability to get contraception

62
Q

TFR

A

Total Fertility Rate. The average amount of babies each woman will have

63
Q

Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration

A

Laws developed by Ravenstein to describe migration patterns

64
Q

Distance Decay

A

Distance decay states, as you get farther from a source, the effect that source has is limited.

65
Q

Step Migration

A

Migrants moving in smaller steps along their way to their destination.

66
Q

Counter Migration

A

A movement of people against a migration flow

67
Q

Counter-Urbanization

A

The movement of people out of cities into rural and suburban areas

68
Q

Gravity Model

A

A theory that states the larger and closer something is, the more effect it has

69
Q

Life Expectancy

A

The average number of years a baby is expected to live from birth

70
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of babies that die on average per 1000 births

71
Q

Elderly Dependency Ratio

A

The percentage of people over 65 to the working age population

72
Q

Aging/Graying Population

A

The population over 65

73
Q

Migration

A

A person moving from one place to another

74
Q

Immigration

A

A person moving in to an area

75
Q

Emmigration

A

A person moving out of an area

76
Q

Net Migration

A

The number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants

77
Q

Push Factors

A

Factors that push people from an area

78
Q

Pull Factors

A

Factors that pull people to an area

79
Q

Economic Push/Pull Factors

A

Poverty, Economic opportunity

80
Q

Social Push/Pull Factors

A

Civil Unrest, Ties to someone in an area

81
Q

Political Push/Pull Factors

A

Lack of representation, Political stability

82
Q

Environmental Push/Pull Factors

A

Natural Disasters, Clean Air

83
Q

Demographic Push/Pull Factors

A

Quotas, Similar demographics

84
Q

Intervening Obstacles

A

Obstacles that block a migrant on their path

85
Q

Intervening Opportunities

A

Opportunities that come up for a migrant on their path. and may lead to them settling in a different place than originally intended

86
Q

Lee’s Model of Migration

A

People will try to head to areas will more pull factors and less push factors, unless intervening obstacles or opportunities change that.

87
Q

Migration Transition

A

A model that lines up with DTM the predicts how many and where people migrate

88
Q

Migration Stream

A

A stream of people flowing from one area to another.

89
Q

Forced Migration

A

A migration where the migrants leave due to threats or due to being forced to, as opposed to moving by choice.

90
Q

Slavery

A

A system where one person is owned by another person and forced to work for them

91
Q

Refugees

A

A migrant who was pushed out of their home country in a forced migration

92
Q

IDPs

A

A migrant who was pushed out of their home area in a forced migration, but is still in their home country.

93
Q

Asylum Seekers

A

A migrant who was pushed out of their home country who is trying to gain refugee status

94
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

A migration where the migrant has a choice to leave the home country or not.

95
Q

Cyclic Movement

A

A movement where the migrant moves between multiple points repeatedly and often (i.e. communting)

96
Q

Transhumance

A

The cyclical movement of livestock between multiple points

97
Q

Transnational/International Migration

A

Migration between countries

98
Q

Internal Migration

A

Migration within a country

99
Q

Interregional Migration

A

Migration between two regions in a country

100
Q

Intraregional Migration

A

Migration within one region of a country

101
Q

Chain Migration

A

A migration where migrants move to communities where family and/or friends migrated previously.

102
Q

Guest Workers

A

Workers living and working in a country to work for a period of time but not moving permanently.

103
Q

Urbanization

A

A migration of people from rural areas to urban areas

104
Q

Periodic Migration

A

A migration where the migrant moves between multiple points but stays for longer periods of time (i.e. Snowbirds)

105
Q

Political Effects of Migration

A

Addition of Quotas, Changing Demographics

106
Q

Quotas

A

A limit on the number of migrants allowed in an area

107
Q

Economic Effects of Migration

A

New workers, Loss of jobs

108
Q

Remitances

A

Money sent by guest workers or migrants back to family members in home countries to help support them

109
Q

Brain Drain

A

A process where an area’s highly educated professionals migrate out

110
Q

Brain Gain

A

A process where an area has many highly educated professional migrate in

111
Q

Cultural Effects of Migration

A

St. Patrick’s Day, Curry

112
Q

Ethnic Enclaves

A

An area with a large amount of one ethnicity compared to the surrounding area

113
Q

Xenophobia

A

The fear of others, in this case, migrants

AP HUG (14 decks)

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