What are the 3 invasive techniques that involve implanting? 1. (A)electrodes 2. (A)dialysis probes 3. (C) probes

1. Microelectrodes 2. Microdialysis probes 3. Voltammetry probes

A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective Flashcards by seo hyun

Brainbow technique reveals … in exquisite detail by causing each individual neuron to produce a slightly different mixture of fluorescent proteins

Neural Circuitry

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What are the 4 categories of brain measurement methods?

Connectional
Correlational
Lesion
Stimulation

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What is the method of injecting a tracer substance into the region to map out the brain, but then had to remove the brain to see where the tracers had gone?

Connectional method of input or output tracts

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What is a non-invasive connectional method that use the MRI?

DTI: Diffusion Tensor Imaging

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Which method uses MRI to map the blood flow and blood oxygenation (BOLD) in the brains when performing a particular task?

Correlational

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What are the 3 invasive techniques that involve implanting?

(A)electrodes
(A)dialysis probes
(C) probes

Microelectrodes
Microdialysis probes
Voltammetry probes

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What are the 2 less invasive correlational methods that detect brain waves?

EEG and MEG

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Neuroimaging techniques are … ways of correlational methods that can detect the metabolic or neurochemical products of brain activity rather than the activity itself.

Indirect

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This correlational method involves injecting small amounts of radioactively labeled chemical compounds to map out their distribution within the brain

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

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This correlational method of MRI-based neuroimaging technique allows to observe subtle differences in the shape of thickness of brain structure

Voxel-based Morphometry

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Blows to the head, accidents or wounds from bullets or other weapons physically destroying s mall region of the brain is called

TBI - Traumatic Brain Injuries

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Broca used … method to discover that his patient Tan lost his ability to produce language

Lesion

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Hitzig and Fritsch figured out that applying electrical current to specific brain regions in dogs could elicit movements of specific body parts on the OPPOSITE side. What method did they use?

Stimulation method

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Penfield and Jasper were able to map out the brain regions responsible for movement, tactile sensation, speech, smell etc by using … method on his epileptic patient

electrical stimulation

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What is the noninvasive stimulation method that uses powerful electromagnetic coils held against the scalp?

TMS - Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

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What is an intraoperative mapping of brain function?

It is a stimulation method of mapping out the brain while performing a brain surgery

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Patients with depression respond to … which is multiple sessions of TMS

rTMS

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What is the non-invasive brain stimulation that applies two electrodes to the scalp and pass a weak, constant electrical current?

tDCS - transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

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Neurons under (A) charged cathode tend to be (B) whilst neurons under (C) charged anode tend to be (D)

A: positively
B: inhibited
C: negatively
D: excited

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The illusory color changes at the border are called …

Mach Bands

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Process of transforming an event from the outside world into electrochemical signals inside your nervous system is called …

Sensory Transduction

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These cells allow communication between different parts of the retina

Amacrine cells

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These cells carry information from the photoreceptors to the retinal ganglion cells

Bipolar cells

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These cells allow communication between ADJACENT parts of the retina

Horizontal cells

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Conversion of light into a change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane

Phototransduction

Photoreceptors highly sensitive to light and ideal for vision in DIM environments

Rods

Photoreceptors suited for vision in bright environment that comes in three types: red, green, blue

Cones

Cones are more concentrated in the central vision, known as the ... which is a little INDENTATION on the surface of the retina

Fovea

The region of visual space in which a stimulus will modulate the activity of a particular neuron is the ...

Receptive field

Retinal ganglion cells have a ... structure which is a small point of light in the center of the receptive field

Center-Surround

Due to Center-Surround structure, neighboring neurons can achieve ... which is the amplification of a difference between the lightness of two surfaces

Contrast enhancement

Signals move on toward the brain via the (A) of the retinal ganglion cells, which converge to form the (B)

Optic nerve

The point where there are NO photoreceptors due to the optic nerve leaving the eye is called the ...

Blind spot

Optic nerves from the left and right eye come together at the ...

Optic chiasm

After the Optic Chiasm, the fibers are sorted into 2 visual fields. Them the nerve bundles are now called the ...

Optic Tracts

LGN is a portion of the thalamus that stands for...

Lateral Geniculate Nuclues

From LGN, visual info travels through axons known as the ... to V1

Optic Radiations

Within V1, the topographic organization takes the form of ... organization, meaning that each neuron responds to a particular part of the visual field, and the neighboring neurons respond to neighboring parts of the visual field

Retinoptic

In V1, - (A) cells respond to a line at a preferred orientation and particular location in the receptive field - (B) cells respond to a line of the preferred orientation at any location in the receptive field

Simple Complex

Farther into the visual system, neurons respond to more (A) stimulus characteristics which builds successive stages of (B)

Abstract Hierarchy

... are clusters of cells responsible for processing the sensory input relating to color

Blobs

Random-Dot Stereograms demonstrate that object (A) is not necessary for (B) depth from differences between the eyes

A: recognition B: perceiving

A response that remains the same irrespective of the position or size is called

Position invariance or size invariance

An area of inferoTemporal cortex specialized for faces is...

FusiForm face area

Codings: What are the 2 strategies of the brain encoding info in our visual cortex?

1. Sparse coding 2. Population coding

V5 is an area specialized for ... detection

Motion

Motion blindness highlights that motion and position are ... to the brain

separable

Dorsal stream is critical for guiding and adjusting the spotlight of ...

attention

A disorder in which a person will disregard one half of the world, usually caused by a stroke to the right parietal lobe

Hemi-neglect

Balin'ts sydrome is caused by damage to the ... lobes on BOTH sides ... one of its symptoms is simultAGONISA (inability to recognize multiple elements in a scene)

parietal

ProsopAGNOSIA is ... that is caused by a bilateral damage to the VENTRAL (what) Visual Stream

face blindness

A spot in the visual field that captures no information is ... which is most of the times filled in by our brain

the Blind spot

An ambiguous stimulus that can be perceived in more than one way and that typically flips back and forth between the different options is ...

Multistable percept

Situation where you don't see both images simultaneously nor a fusion is ... which is due to conflicting interpretations

BINOcular rivalry

Helmholtz proposed that vision arises from a process of ... INFERENCE

unconscious

Charles Bonnet syndrome is ....

visual hallucinations due to visual loss by eye disease

Feedback loops, recurrence or loopiness compromise the model of "brain as a computer"

reversive hierarchy ... just an additional info

Anton's syndrome is when person becomes blind but ... his blindness

denies

An action potential may occur when channels in the axon open and allow sodium ions to rush in, causing the cell to become...

Depolarized

The most posterior brain area in the cortex is

Occipital lobe

What Cortical lobe is most important for AUDITORY processing?

Temporal

Which neuroimaging tools measure DIFFUSION patterns of molecules (eg. water) in biological tissue?

DTI

Which neurons are responsible for sending Afferent Motor signals?

fMRI allows us to study the brain function by measuring changes in

BOLD - Blood Oxygen Level Dependent

You encounter a threatening situation; which specific part of the NS would be activated to prepare you to react quickly?

Sympathetic

Which method TRACES connections between neurons and brain regions?

Connectional

Which lobe of the human brain is involved in HIGHER COGNITIVE functions such as planning and organizing?

Frontal

In lesion studies in neuropsychology, what is meant by a 'double dissociation'?

Two patients with different lesions show opposite patterns of cognitive impairment

The Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS are branches of which NS?

AUTONOMIC

... - is an imaging test that can help reveal the metabolic or biochemical function of your TISSUES and ORGANS. - It uses a radioactive drug called a TRACER to show both typical and atypical metabolic activity.

PET - Positron Emission Topography

When thousands or millions of neurons interact, the synchronized group activity can be picked up in what's known as a ... Potential

Field

NREM comprises ... % of sleep and has ... stages

80 and 3

The deepest stage (stage 3) of NREM is known as the ... where brain waves oscillate at a LOW frequency with HIGH amplitude

SWS - Slow Wave Sleep

The most important player of the sleep state is the .... a collection of neurons in the HYPOTHALAMUS

VLPO - VentroLateral Preoptic Nucleus

VLPO promotes sleep when it becomes (A) and damage to it produces (B)

A: Active B: Insomnia

The AROUSAL NETWORK is when neurons in the (A) nucleus release (B) neurotransmitters, especially to the FOREBRAIN and (C)

A: VLPO B: Inhibitory C: Brainstem

The neurotransmitters involved in the Arousal Network include .... (3)

1. Serotonin 2. Norepinephrine 3. Histamine

Mutual inhibition gives rise to ... system which 2 stable states such as Waking and Sleeping

BiStable

PGO (PontoGeniculo- Occipital) Waves can be measured in all 3 structures because they travel through them... What are they?

1. Pons 2. Lateral Geniculate Nucleus 3. Occipital cortex

... is a multilayered structure that receives input from both eyes to build a representation of the contralateral visual hemifield

Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

The major cellular players in the sleep rhythms are ... cells, which are EXCITATORY

THALAmoCORTICAL

Zeitgebers happen when the Circadian rhythm is ... to various environmental stimuli, which means to gradually fall into synchrony with it.

ENTRAINED

Neurons in the SCN (SupraChiasmatic Nucleus) send signals to the (A) which is a tiny structure in the brain's midline that regulates the hormone (B)

A: Pineal gland B: Melatonin

Melatonin is produced and released from the (A) and it is a (B) hormone

A: pineal gland B: Darkness (not Sleep)

With false lighting cues, humans have .. easily to a 23.5 hour cycle or a 24.56 hour cycle (Mars day-night)

ENTRAINED

Disruption to the Circadian rhythms can cause ... which is a mismatch of your rhythm with the local day-night period

Jet lag

In animal models, ongoing disturbances in the circadian rhythm have been linked to ... risk for Cardiovascular disease and cancer

Increased

Segmented sleep or ... sleep is when one sleep more than once in 24 hour period. It is common in: - historically older cultures - nonindustrialized societies, esp during winter times

polyPHASIC

Some researchers take our unusual ... sleep schedule as evidence that we are MERELY CAPABLE of fighting off sleep when we don't want it eg. Taking Caffeine eg. Sleeping pills

monoPHASIC

With more severe sleep deprivation, one begins to experience ... which are brief sleep periods in the second

Microsleeps

Insomnia is currently understood as CONTINUOUS state of ...

Hyperarousal

Hypnotics are sleeping pills taken for...

insomnia

BenzoDiaZepines are pharmaceutical treatments for...

insomnia

In which a person upon falling asleep feels unbearable discomfort in the legs that calls for relief by stomping, rubbing, walking around, or twitching the legs is

RLS - Restless Leg Syndrome

Cataplexy is when the ... suddenly WEAKEN, typically followed by Narcolepsy

muscles

In which illusory visions or sounds present themselves in the transition between Wakefulness and Sleep is ..., experienced by Narcoleptic patients

hypnAGOGIC hallucinations

In which a person will spontaneously produce purposeless sounds or acts without conscious intervention or censorship is ..., experienced by Narcoleptic patients

Automatic behaviours

Narcolepsy results from a lower level of ... called Orexin (=HypoCretin)

Hormone

Narcolepsy is identified as ... disorder by some researchers

Autoimmune

a bilateral structure located in the anterior part of the hypothalamus is...

suprachiasmatic Nucleus(SCN)

A Cognitive Neuroscience Perspective Flashcards

(100 cards)