L11-14 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
The patient H.M. underwent an experimental surgical procedure of removing his … lobe to relieve epileptic seizures
A
TEMPORAL
2
Q
HM’s surgery resulted in severe … deficits
A
MEMORY
3
Q
Inability to recognize objects … is one of memory functions HM had RETAINED (kept)
A
Agnosia
4
Q
HM could acquire and express NEW skills and they IMPROVED, meaning he was able to update his … network of … connections
A
NEURAL and SYNAPTIC
5
Q
Skills such as
- reading words presented backwards
- mirror drawing
improved, even though HM could NEVER … that he had been asked to perform
A
REMEMBER
6
Q
HM’s memory loss is known as …
A
AMNESIA
7
Q
… and prolonged study on HM tell us about what MEMORY is and how the brain manages to RECORD our PAST experiences
A
AMNESIA
8
Q
… demonstrates a degree of functional INDEPENDENCE from other cognitive capacities
A
Amnesia
9
Q
Memory is …
- the ability to RECALL or … previous experience
- … representation of previous experience
A
RECOGNIZE and MENTAL
10
Q
HM’s surgery removed the BILATERAL MEDIAL … lobe including the …
A
TEMPORAL and HIPPOCAMPUS
11
Q
Short term memory (=working memory) is considered as an …
A
Executive function
12
Q
… cortex is mainly involved in working memory
A
Prefrontal
13
Q
Various cortical and subcortical areas
- hippocampus
- limbic system
- basal ganglia
are involved in … memory
A
Long term
14
Q
Implicit (Unconscious; Procedural) and Explicit (Conscious; Declarative) memories are 2 categories of … memory
A
Long term
15
Q
Procedural memory
- demonstrates … such as a skill or conditioned response
- … events when facilitated
A
KNOWLEDGE and RECALL
16
Q
Declarative memory
- recall or … SPECIFIC info
- often affected in AMNESIA
A
Retrieve
17
Q
Bottom up processing is for … information where info is encoded in the SAME way it was perceived
A
Implicit
17
Q
What are 2 ways of ENCODING memories?
A
BOTTOM-UP and TOP-DOWN
18
Q
Top down processing is for … information where info is recognized BEFORE it is encoded
A
Explicit
19
Q
Tulving distinguished 2 types of EXPLICIT memory which are
A
EPISODIC and SEMANTIC
20
Q
Episodic memory - ‘My dad went to Barcelona last week’ - has a potential to become … over time
A
Semantic
21
Q
Semantic memory - Temporal lobe is involved in processing auditory information and encoding of memory - often requires … exposures
A
several
22
Q
Events PRIOR to damage is …
A
Retrograde
23
Q
Events FOLLOWING the damage is …
A
Anterograde
24
The timeline of ... amnesia can vary from minutes to decades
and is often TEMPORARY
Retrograde
25
The severity of damage done on ... is directly proportional to the LENGTH of retrograde amnesia
Hippocampus
26
... is located deep in the brain, hidden within the medial part of the temporal lobe
Hippocampus
27
There is a GREATER compromise (harm) of MORE recent memories than the remote ones = ... gradient
Temporal
28
Consolidation of memory over time in Amnesia means you are more likely to forget memories that are ... to the damage in timeline
Nearer
29
Amnesia affects various ... modalities:
- visual
- auditory
- somesthetic (touch, temperature sensitivity, and pain)
- olfactory
Sensory
30
Amnesia affects
- verbal and ...
- meaningful and ...
- spatial and ...
nonverbal - nonsensical - nonspatial
31
Amnesia usually affects ... memory of Explicit memory of Longterm memory
Episodic
32
Formation of new EPISODIC memories involves the ... lobe, particularly the HIPPOCAMPUS
Medial Temporal
33
Ongoing debate:
Does episodic memory always rely on the ... or is the information TEMPORARILY stored in the ... before being CONSOLIDATED in the Neocortex (the 4 lobes)
HIPPOCAMPUS
34
Neocortex consists of ... lobes
4
35
Episodic memory is affected by EMOTIONAL significance, involving the ...
AMYGDALA
36
Neural circuits for Explicit memory:
... lobe consists of 3 cortices: Perirhinal, Parahippocampal and Entorhinal cortex
Medial Temporal
37
... cortices carry out cognitive processing, specifically reward-based decision-making
Cingulate
38
Neocortex and Cingulate cortices RECIPROCATE with ... cortices (2)
1. ParaHippocampal
2. PerirHinal
39
PerirHinal cortex SEND info to ... cortex and ParaHippocampal cortex RECEIVES info from ... cortex
EntorHinal
40
EntorHinal cortex RECIPORCATES with the ...
Hippocampus
41
PARahippocampal cortex
- receives connections from ... cortex
- has a role in ... processing
PArietal and VISUO-SPATIAL
42
PerirHinal cortex
- receives connections from VISUAL regions of the ... stream (known as the WHAT pathway)
- has a role in ... object memory
Ventral - Visual
43
EntorHinal cortex
- has an ... function
- is the location of ... CELL DEATH in AlzHeimer's disease
INTEGRATIVE - INITIAL
44
Loss of ability to learn NEW info is ... amnesia
Anterograde
45
Loss of ability to retrieve prior info is ... amnesia
Retrograde
46
KorsaKoff syndrome is both ... amnesias
Antero and Retro
47
KorsaKoff syndrome is caused by damage to ... (hypo/thalamus, mammillary bodies)
Diencephalon
48
Chronic alcoholism or Malnutrition resulting in vitamin B1 deficiency could result in ... syndrome
KorsaKoff
49
Confabulation in amnesiacs occur when patients fail to ... currently irrelevant memories in favor of currently relevant ones
INHIBIT
50
2 types of Confabulations are
Provoked and Spontaneous
51
... confabulation occurs when one is pressed to remember details of a memory beyond their memory recall and can happen to non-injured people
Provoked
52
... confabulation occurs to people with specific types of brain injury where they generate confabulations without any EXTERNAL cues
Spontaneous
53
Confabulation is associated with the
1. Medial ...
2. ... cortex
3. Links from the ...-...
ORBITOFRONTAL - PREFRONTAL - HIPPOCAMPUS and HYPOTHALAMUS
54
Amnesia involves the ... lobe and Confabulation involves the ... lobe
Temporal - Frontal
55
Clive Wearning - Man with 7 seconds memory - represents an ... patient
Amnesia
56
Exceptional ability to recall autobiographical information automatically is called HSAM or ...
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory
57
HSAM participants have ... specificity of recalling autobiographical memories, not digit-span forward, verbal-paired associates and visual reproduction
Domain
58
HSAM patients have different ... and ... matter CONCENTRATIONS in 9 brain regions
WHITE and GREY
59
Autobiographical network seems to involve:
- inferior and middle .. gyri
- anterior insula
- para... gyrus (hint: neural network of explicit memory)
TEMPORAL - paraHIPPOCAMPAL
60
Progressive loss of neuronal function and death of neurons associated with aging is ...
NeuroDegeneration
61
Neurodegenerative diseases include:
Common (2) and less common (2)
Common: AlzHeimer and Parkinson's
Less common: Huntington's and motor-neuron
62
Prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions continues to ... as the average age of the population increases. This implies: less workforce and more investment on healthcare for elderly
Increase
63
AlzHeimer is the most common form of ... taking 60-70%
Dementia
64
... is a syndrome with 50million diagnosed people worldwide in which there is a deterioration in
- memory
- thinking
- behaviour
- ability to perform everyday activities
Dementia
65
Dementia:
1. Age onset is ...
2. More common in ...
+ 65 years old and Females
66
Auguste D. suffered:
- quick change in personality
- memory loss
- confusion
- unpredictable beahavior
- paranoia
- hallucinations
which are symptoms of ... disease
Alzheimer
67
Alzheimer cuases extensive cortical ATROPHY or ...
Shrinking
68
The 2 types of abnormal deposits/AGGREGATIONS found in AD patients are
1. NeuroFibraillary ... (TAU) = inside neurons
2. Neuritic ... (Amyloid) = between neurons
Tangles - Plaques
69
Genetic predisposition of AD:
Strongest identified risk is the ApoE4 ... which 1/4 of the population carry 1 copy of its gene
Protein
70
AD causes:
- Cortex shrinking/Atrophy
- Ventricles with CerebroSpinal fluid enlarging
- ... shrinking
Hippocampus
71
Amyloid plaque:
1. .. system (entorhinal cortex and hippocampus-memory)
2. Lobes (3) in more severe AD
3. ... cortices affected lastly
1. Limbic
2. Frontal, Temporal and Parietal
3. Sensory and Motor
72
Tau protein is responsible for maintaining ... within AXONS and spreads to Cell body and Dendrities
Stability
73
High levels of Amyloid-Beta alter ... so that it cannot BIND properly to its usual targets within axons
TAU
74
Areas of cell damage in the brain CORRELATE better with ... levels than amyloid-Beta
Tau
75
Moderate AD could cause ... which is a Psychiatric Disorder
Depression
76
3 neurotransmitters involved in memory and learning (ADS)
AcetylCholine, Dopaime (reward) and Serotonin
77
2 Medications sued in AD treatment:
1. ... inhibitors (prevents acetylcholine breakdown to facilitate communication between neurons)
2. .... antagonist (glutamate regulation which causes neuroToxicity)
AcetylCholineSterase - NMDA
78
Alternative therapies in AD ...
Music and Art, Physical and Cognitive Training, Validation (working through emotions behind hardships) and Reminiscence therapy (happy memories)
78
A neurodegenerative disorder that affects predominantly DOPAMINERGIC neurons in Substantia Nigra (dopamine producing cells decrease)
Parkinson's disease
79
DopaminErgic means
dopamine-producing
80
PD has worldwide 9.5 million patients
- age of onset is ...
- more prevalent in ...
plus 60 - males (x2 than females)
81
Slowness of movement in PD is called
BradyKinesia
82
Distinctive, less steady walk that arises from changes in posture, slowness of movement (bradykinesia) and a shortened stride is called ...
Parkinsonian Gait
83
PD symptoms:
1. Pill-Rolling tremor (mostly hands)
2. ... = movement slowness
3. Limb ...
4. ... and Balance problems
BradyKinesia - Rigidity - Gait
84
A person with this tremor may appear to be rolling a pill or small object between their thumb and index finger. This is ... tremor found in PD
Pill-Rolling
85
Which of the 2 neurodegenerative disorders have a younger oneset (<50) when it comes to genetic predisposition?
PD
86
PD primarily affects the ... which is a Subcortical structures found deep in the brain
Basal Ganglia
87
Basal Ganglia is involved in
- direct and indirect pathways of facilitating and inhibiting ...
- motivation and REWARD processing
Movement
88
PD patients' ... (internally-generated) movements are particularly affected and less to EXTERNAL stimuli
Automatic/Spontaneous
89
IN PD, dopamine producing cells in the ... called the Black Substance decrease, which impair movement (but its receptors are present)
SubStantia Nigria
90
Many people with ... develop ...
(hint: dementia and PD)
PD - dementia
91
This dementia has an onset at least 1 year AFTER diagnosis based on motor signs
PD
92
This dementia develops BEFORE or ALONGSIDE motor signs
Lewy Body
93
LevoDopa (also called Ldopa) is a ... treatment for Parkinson's but it is not a cure
Sympotamtic
94
L-dopa crosses the ... (BBB) and converts to DOPAMINE, but has side-effects including abnormal, uncontrolled involuntary movements = DysKinesia)
Blood-Brain Barrier
95
Other treatments of PD include:
- DBS where ... and impulse generator battery (called an IPG) are implanted to provide electrical stimulation to targeted areas in the brain that control movement
- exercise, music, dance therapies
Electrodes
96
In treating PD< dancing could help due to Action Observation and ... Imagery where both Simulation and Observation improve the actual movement
Motor
97
A neurodegeneration
- caused by genetic predisposition of an AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT
- average onset of 40 years
- DysKinesias
- only Symptotomatic treatments available
Huntington's disease
98
HP has 4 major changes:
1. Movement
2. Behaviour
3. Mood (personality change)
4. Cognition
MBMC
99
Excessive involuntary movements of HD is called
Chorea
100
Abnormal sustained muscle contractions in HD is called
Dystonia
101
HD is a gain of function mutation because a mutated ... is created
Protein
102
HD primarily affects ... and other cortical, subcortical areas
Basal Ganglia (motor control)
103
Acquired neurological disorders include: (2)
1. Traumatic Brain Injury
2. Stroke
104
4 major symptoms of HD:
1. Chorea
2. Impaired coordination and ...
3. Muscle ...
4. Difficulty ... and or Swallowing
+ dementia and depression
Balance - Rigidity - Speaking
105
Acquired neurological disorders can be caused by
1. Traumatic or non...
2. Sudden or ... decline
3. Focal (very specific brain region) or ... (different areas)
Traumatic - Gradual - Diffuse
106
Sclerosis in MS means ... and 'hardness' in greek
Scars
107
In MS, neurons around the site of ... tend to go through apoptosis which slows down or blocks signals from being transmitted
DeMyelination
108
An auto-immune, progressive inflammation of myelin sheath in the CNS is called
- 2 million worlswide
- onset: 20 to 30
- 3:1 Male:Female
Multiple ScleRosis
109
3 subtypes of MS:
1. ...-Remitting (85%)
2. Primary-progressive
3. Secondary-progressive
Relapsing
110
About 85% of people have this MS
- recurrent acute relapse
- partial or total recovery
Relapsing Remitting (RR)
111
Accounts for 10% of cases
- no attacks
- progressive and steady decline of neurological functions
Primary-Progressive (PP)
112
- Gradual transition from RR MS
- Steady decline apart from relapse episodes
Secondary-Progressive (SP)
113
MS Risk factors:
- genetic component
- geographical area: the FURTHER from the EQUATOR you live in, the more ... you are (due to low Vitamin D)
- smoking
- obesity
Susceptible
114
MS brain changes:
1. Acute inflammation of ... sheath surrounding the axons of the CNS
2. Formation of hard ... at the demyelination site (Optic nerve, brainstem, basal ganglia, spinal cord)
Myelin - Plaques
115
MS patients:
- profound ...
- mild cognitive functions or ... loss (but varies from person to person)
Fatigue - Memory
116
Phineas Gage is an example of ... patient
TBI
117
TBI:
- less than 50 million
- most common in young males
- 1/2 accompanied by other injuries
has 3 consequences:
Sensorimotor, Cognitive, Behavioural
118
... damage (contrecoup injury) is opposite site impairment
ContraLateral
119
In TBI, ... forces is
- jolting extremely fast
- where white and grey matters with different densities that move at different speeds cause DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY (DAI)
Rotational
120
TBI mostly damages (2) regions
Frontal and Temporal
121
In TBI
1. ... is low blood pressure
2. ... is oxygen deprivation
3. Cerebral ... and swelling (scars in tissues)
4. ... is water gathering on the surface of the brain
5. Infection
6. Epilepsy
1. HypoTension
2. Hypoxia
3. contusions
4. HydroCephalus
122
Acute TBI could result in:
1. ... = unconsciousness
2. Disorientation
3. Cognitive
4. Personality and Mood
Coma
123
... neglect which is inability to attend tot the contralateral side of space is caused by STROKES
Hemi-Spatial
124
Strokes:
- 80 million
- plus 65 years
- also called CVA which stands for ...
- 2nd highest cause of death and 3rd highest cause of disability
CerebroVascular Accident
125
The 2 types of Strokes are
IsChemic and HaeMorrHagic
126
Blockage of blood vessel in brain is ... stroke
1. Embolic
2. Thrombotic
IsChemic
127
Embolic is when ... clot from elsewhere in the body blocks the vessels (IsChemic)
blood
128
Thrombotic is when blood clot develops in ... supplying blood to BRAIN (IsChemic)
Artery
129
Bursting of vessels is ...
1. IntraCerebral (deep inside the brain)
2. SubArarchNoid (surface of the brain)
HaeMorrHagic
130
FAST in strokes stands for:
Facial - Arm - Speech -Time
131
Strokes affecting the ... lobe can cause movement impairments
Frontal
132
Paralysis or Weakness to one side of body due to strokes (contralateral to damage) is ... or ...
HemiPlegia or HemiParesis
133
Impairment in planning and executing movements caused by strokes is ...
Apraxia
134
Agnosias (recognition disorders) and Hemispatial neglect can be caused by ... in the ... lobe
Strokes - Occipital
135
Treatments for ... include: physiotherapy and wide variety of other therapies
strokes
