L7-L10 Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is the structure that is directly anterior to the Central Sulcus (that separates the frontal and parietal lobes) that is located in the Precentral Gyrus?
A
Primary Motor Cortex
2
Q
Structure on the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, anterior to the central sulcus is
A
Precentral Gyrus
3
Q
What is the cortex close to our eyes?
A
OrbitoFrontal Cortex
4
Q
What is the structure that is beneath the OrbitoFrontal cortex and is responsible for receiving neural input about odours detected by cells in the nasal cavity?
A
Olfactory Bulb
5
Q
Primary motor cortex is involved in focal skilled … that is learned EARLY in development
A
Focal skilled movements of arms, hands, mouth etc
6
Q
Primary motor cortex is part of (A) next to the (B) also called the Motor Strip
A
A: precentral gyrus
B: central sulcus
7
Q
Fritsch and Hitzig used an anesthetized dog to find out that its mouth, paws and limbs moved on the OPPOSITE side of body. This characteristic is called …
A
CONTRALATERAL
8
Q
Topographical representation of the body by a neural area, also called a Little Person is …
A
HOMUNCULUS
9
Q
Topographic organization:
- Correspondence between (A) areas and body parts they represent
- Areas of motor that control hands, fingers, lips and tongue are (B) larger than other parts
A
A: Neural
B: disproportionately
10
Q
Early idea of movement:
- each part of the (A) controls (B) in that part of the body
- neurons in the appropriate part of the (A) activate body (B)
A
A: homunculus
B: muscles
11
Q
Recent experiments of movement:
- motor cortex represents a REPERTOIRE of … CATEGORIES that can be modified by learning/practice
A
Movement
12
Q
Most of our motor learning is mastering … of ACTION
A
Sequences
13
Q
Frontal lobe involvement:
… PLANS complex behaviour
A
Prefrontal Cortex
14
Q
Frontal lobe involvement:
… cortex ORGANIZES the appropriate movement SEQUENCES
A
Premotor Cortex
15
Q
Frontal lobe involvement:
… cortex SPECIFIES how each movement is to be EXECUTED
A
Primary Motor Cortex
16
Q
Premotor cortex
- (A) movement sequences
- Selects behaviour in response to (B) cues
- Increased activity when cues are associated with (C)
A
A: prepares
B: external
C: movement
17
Q
Damage to PREMOTOR cortex results in disorders of … and difficulty performing movements in response to verbal commands
A
Volition
18
Q
… damage distorts representations on BOTH sides, which contribute equally, resulting in degraded performance
A
Bilateral
19
Q
Bilateral damage can cause …
- absence of voluntary movement or speech
- patient appears alert
- unable to speak or move
- increasingly passive behaviour
A
Akinetic Mutism
20
Q
… is the LARGEST of the 3 frontal divisons
A
Prefrontal Cortex
21
Q
Which frontal division is involved in:
- Executive functions
- Personality
- Social behaviour
A
Prefrontal Cortex
22
Q
What are the 3 major subdivisions of the Prefrontal Cortex?
A
- OrbitoFrontal
- Lateral (dorso, ventro lateral)
- Medial (drose, ventro medial)
23
Q
Where is the DorsoLateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC) located?
A
It is right in front of the Anterior Premotor Cortex
24
Q
Damage to DLPFC leads to problems with … functioning (2)
A
Executive
- goal-directed behaviour
- sustained attention
25
Planning, problem solving, attention, emotional and behavioural problems are symptoms of ... Syndrome
DysExecutive
26
Phineas Gage was a railway worker who damaged his OrbiFrontal lobe due to an iron rod penetrating through it.
- He showed no problems with language and memory,
- but his personality completely changed.
What does this tell us about the functions of the OrbitoFrontal cortex? (4)
the OrbitoFrontal cortex is responsible for:
1. Emotional regulation (close links to the Limbic system)
2. Impulse control
3. Decision making
4. Reward evaluation
27
Acquired Sociopathy is caused by damage to the ... cortex
OrbitoFrontal
28
Parietal lobe is divided into 2 functional zones. What processing are they each responsible for?
1. Anterior: sensory processing
2. Posterior: spatial processing
29
What 2 subdivisions does the Anterior Parietal lobe contain?
1. Homunculus
2. Somatosensory Cortex
30
What 2 subdivisions does the Posterior Parietal lobe contain?
1. Superior parietal Lobule
2. Inferior parietal Lobule
31
What are the 2 parts of the inferior parietal lobule within the posterior parietal lobe?
1. Supramarginal gyrus
2. Angular Gyrus
32
A ridge on the surface of the brain that increase the SURFACE AREA for more neurons is ...
Gyrus
33
Somatosensory Strip and the Motor Strip together make up the ...
Homunculus
34
What are the 3 key functions of the Parietal lobe?
1. Sensory processing and integration
2. Spatial awareness and perception - PRROPRIOCPETION
3. Motor Planning
35
Which lobe is responsible for proprioception?
parietal
36
Along with the motor cortex in the Frontal lobe, ... lobe is responsible for motor planning
Parietal
37
Disturbances of motor planning is ...
Apraxia
38
What is Verbal Apraxia? Damage to which cortex causes this?
Impairment with speaking
- caused by Parietal cortex damage
39
Due to disturbances of spatial processing, this condition happens often after a stroke by the Right Parietal Cortex.
HEMI-spatial NEGLECT
39
Somatosensory disorders are caused by damage in ...
the Parietal cortex
40
A patient is asked to draw a flower. He draws only a half part of the flower, but does not notice the problem with it.
He has no issue with the visual cortex (the occipital lobe).
What condition does he have? Which part of his brain has been damaged?
Hemi-Spatial Neglect due to damage in Parietal cortex
41
Unawareness or denial of illness is called ... which is caused by damage to the ... cortex
Anosognosia (=without knowledge)
- parietal
42
Loss of body ownership is called ... which is caused by damage to the ... cortex
ASOMATOGnosia
- p
43
ANOSOdiaPHORIA is caused by parietal lobe damage. What is this condition?
indifference to illness
44
Asymbolia is caused by parietal cortex damage, a loss of the power to understand previously familiar symbols and signs What is this?
absence of normal reactions to pain
45
Inability to point to fingers or show them to examiner is ...
Finger Agnosia
46
Agnosia in greek is
Without Knowledge
47
... refers to the HIGHER-ORDER cognitive control process for the attainment of a specific goal.
Executive Function (EF)
48
What are the 3 subcomponents of EF?
1. Inhibition
2. Cognitive Shifting
3. Working Memory
49
Which cortex plays an important role in EF?
Lateral PreFrontal Cortex
50
EF enables us to
1. Plan and successfully (A) tasks
2. Consider long and (B) term goals
3. Respond appropriately to (C) or different situations
4. Inhibit inappropriate responses = (D) control
A: Execute
B: Short
C: New
D: Impulse
51
Which function provides TOP-DOWN control for behaviour?
Central Executive
52
EF is the ... Control System of the brain:
- decision making
- FOCUSING on tasks
- keeping IMPORTANT info in mind
- FILTERING irrelevant info
- solving problems
- thinking FLEXIBLY
- reacting APPROPRIATELY
Air-Traffic
53
The DorsoLateral PreForntal Cortex is located above ...
the Orbital Prefrontal Cortex
54
The process that allows information processing and behaviour to vary adaptively from moment to moment depending on current goals, rather than remaining rigid and inflexible is ... of the Frontal lobe
Cognitive Control System
55
Damage to which area results in stark difficulties with MULITASKING on everyday tasks?
To the Frontal Lobe
56
Sleep time varies in species by
- (A) needed to obtain food
- risk of (B)
A: Time
B: predation
57
Humans spend ... of their lives asleep
1/3
58
Average human sleep times gradually ... as we age:
- Newborns: up to 18 hours
- Adolescents: 9-10 hours
Decrease
59
Neural timing system to control or initiate behaviour and physiological processes and allows animals to anticipate and prepare for future events (birds migrating) is called ...
the BIOLOGICAL CLOCK (rhythm)
60
What is the 24-hour 11minutes cycle that are part of the body's internal clock, running in the background to regulate feeding times, sleeping times and metabolic activity?
Circadian Rhythms
61
Circadian rhythms:
- human circadian rhythm is based on (A) activity and (B) sleep or simply said, LIGHT and DARK cycle
A: daylight
B: nocturnal
62
Rhythmically occurring natural phenomenon which acts as a cue in circadian regulation is
ZEITgeBERS
63
Light and Dark cycle regulates the sleep-wake cycle by the (A)'s synthesis and release of (B)
A: Pineal Gland
B: Melatonin
64
Delayed Sleep Phase Syndrome is when one ...
- has no trouble maintaing sleep
- must fit lives around the disorder
65
When are cortisols released during our Circadian Rhythm?
When we wake up
66
When do we have the highest and lowest body temperature during our Circadian Rhythm?
The moment we fall sleep
Before waking up
67
When are Melatonins secreted during our Circadian Rhythm?
When we are sleeping, before the Deep sleep
68
What is the two small paired NUCLEI in the HYPOTHALAMUS (just above the optic chiasm)?
SupraChiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
69
This structure:
- regulates most CIRCADIAN rhythms in the body
- receives information about LIGHT from the RETINA
- has cells that maintain their on rhythm
SupraChiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
70
Damage to SCN will cause ...
obliteration of regular sleep-wake cycle
71
Multiple ... neurinal tracts project to the SupraChiasmatic Nuclues
Afferent- PNS to CNS (motor)
72
SCN cells are more (A) active and show increased (B) activity during LIGHT period
A: electrically
B: metabolic
73
- EEG measures (A) activity
- EMG measures (B) activity
- EOG measures (C) movements
A: brainwave
B: muscle
C: Eye
74
Cycles per second is measured in
Hertz
75
BATSD stands for
Beta
Alpha
Theta
Spindles
Delta
76
Waking state release ... waves
beta (14-30Hz)
77
Relaxed state with retained muscle tone and closed eyes release ... waves
alpha (8-14Hz)
78
Drowsy state releases ... waves
Theta (4-7Hz)
79
Brief bursts of brain activity occurs after the (A) state and releases (B)
A: drowsy
B: Sleep Spindles (11-16Hz)
80
Deep sleep with no eye movement releases ... waves and is also called Slow Wave sleep
Delta (01-4Hz)
81
How many stages does the non-REM sleep consist of? How long are each of them?
3 stages
N1. 1-5 minute - Alpha and Theta
N2. 10-25 mins - Shallow sleep, Theta and Spindles
N3. 20-40 mins - Deep sleep, Delta waves
82
What does REM stand for?
Rapid Eye Movement
83
When does the REM sleep begin?
around 90mins into sleep
84
EEG patterns of REM sleep resembles ... waves of Wakefulness
Beta
85
The sleep cycle:
N1-> N2->N3->REM->(A)->N3->(B)->N2
A: N2
B: REM
86
Sleep state changes between NREM and REM in cycles of ... minutes
around 90
87
Proportion of cycle in REM ... later into sleep
increases
88
Human adults spend approx. ... % of sleep time in REM
25%
89
NREM or REM:
- slow heart and respiratory rate
- increased growth of hormone release
NREM
90
NREM or REM:
- sleep-walking
- night terrors
NREM
91
NREM or REM:
- vivid dreams
REM
92
NREM or REM:
- fluctuating and increasing heart and respiratory rate
REM
93
Complete muscle inactivity apart from eye movements in REM is called...
Atonia
94
Sleep regions of (A) INHIBIT (B) neurons during Atonia
A: brainstem
B: motor
95
What are the 4 theories of sleeping?
1. Restoration (of energy)
2. Survival
3. Simulation
4. Learning (information processing)
96
Amount of Slow Wave Sleep (deep sleep) ... with amount of exercise during the day
correlates
97
Predatory animals sleep ... than prey animals
more
98
NREM (A) energy
REM allows restock of (B) to be used during wakefulness
A: conserves
b: neurotransmitters
99
"Horses sleep 3 hours and Koala bears 19 hours."
Which sleep theory does this undermine?
Restoration
100
What is the theory that sleep restores, repairs and rebuilds our brains and bodies?
Physiological repair theory of restoration
101
This sleep theory states that sleep protects organisms that cannot see well in low light.
Survival
102
Malcom-Smith et al investigated that sleep allows us to rehearse threatening events and threat avoidance. Which sleep theory is this?
Threat Stimulation theory
103
What are the 3 main integral role that sleep plays in learning and consolidating memories?
1. Rehearsal
2. Forgetting
3. Insight and Restructuring
104
Which sleep theory supports that learning improves after sleep due to reactivation of memories during sleep?
Information processing
105
Which sleep theory suggests that REM sleep erases spurious synaptic associations between neurons?
Information processing
106
"Should you pull an all-nighter?" by Walker and Stickgold shows that 40% of difference was observed between sleep-deprived and sleep group in the ability to form new memories and learn information. What does this tell us about sleep memory and learning?
We need sleep both after and before learning
107
Subjective experience during sleep, consisting of complexed and organized images that show temporal progression is
Dreaming
108
NREM sleep dreams are ... vivid, except for night terrors
LESS
109
What are the 4 theories of dreaming?
1. Psychodynamic
2. Random Brain Activity
3. Evolutionary
4. Neurocognitive
110
Sigmund Freud characterized dreams as (A) fulfilment and symbolic of (B) desires or urges in the (C) theory of dreaming
A: wish
B: unconscious
C: psychodynamic
111
(A) content is remembered NARRATIVE of dream
and
(B) content is true underlying MEANING of dream
in Freud's explanation
A: Manifest
B: Latent
112
Carl Jung suggested that different types of dreams reflect different levels of the (A)
and the (B) aspects of personality may appear
A: psyche
B: unconscious
113
This hypothesis of Hobson and McCarley suggests that
- dreams are produced by (A) activation of the brain during sleep
- the cortex is bombarded with signals from the (B) during REM sleep, producing pattern of a (C) EEG
Activation-Synthesis
A: periodical, random
B: Brainstem
C: waking
114
This theory of Revonsuo argues that dreams are
- biased toward threatening images and
- continuing problem-solving ability
Threat Simulation Theory
115
This theory of Domhoff argues that dreams are EMBODIED SIMULATION that is an accidental by-product of waking cognition, similar to daydreaming
Neurocognitive
116
What are 3 cognitive effects on staying awake?
1. Mood swings
2. Declined concentration
3. Paranoia, delusions, hallucinations
117
Disorder of slow wave (deep) sleep resulting in prolonged inability to sleep
Insomnia
118
Uncontrollably falling sleep at inappropriate times due to abnormal REM sleep regulation that may involve disrupted DOPAMINE metabolism
Narcolepsy
119
Creutzfeldt-Jacob diesases is when...
- there are tiny (A) in the brain
- caused by abnormal (B) called prions
- it is GENETIC
A: holes
B: proteins
120
Atonia and dreaming when just falling asleep or waking up is
Sleep paralysis
121
Physically acting out your dreams (PARASOMNIA) unknowingly while you are sleep due to LOSS of ATONIA during REM is ...
- reduction in dopamine
- Parkinson's disease
REM Sleep Behaviour Disorder
122
Sleepwalking (SOMNambulism) and night terrors are examples of ... which are actions performed during sleep
Parasomnias
123
Compared brain activity for Real, Imagined, and Dreamed hand movements eliciting ACTIVATION in the (A) Cortex led to evidence for (B)
Sensorimotor
Lucid dreaming
124
The Circadian rhythm is ... generated meaning that it comes from programmed mechanisms in our brain and persists even in the absence of external cues
ENDOGENOUSLY
