A: Mix and Flow of Matter, section 2: particle model of matter and solubility Flashcards
(264 cards)
1
Q
What is matter?
A
Anything with mass and volume
2
Q
What are the two main categories of matter?
A
- mixture
- pure substance
3
Q
What is the chart of matter?
A
4
Q
What is a pure substance?
A
A substance that is made of one type of matter
Ex. Tinfoil
5
Q
What is a mixture?
A
A mixture has two or more substances
Ex. Soil because it has more than one substance in it (such as water, sand, organix materials)
6
Q
What are the two main categories of mixtures?
A
- Heterogeneous (mechanical) mixture
- Homogeneous mixture (solution)
7
Q
What is a mechanical or heterogenous mixture?
A
You can see the different parts of a mixture
(Not dissolving, not pure substance)
8
Q
What are the three types of heterogeneous mixtures?
A
- colloids
- suspensions
- heterogeneous mixture (mechanical mixture) but not a colloid nor a suspension
Keep in mind that soil is a heterogeneous mixture but not really a colloid nor a suspension. So technically you can think of there being three types of heterogeneous mixtures.
9
Q
What is a suspension?
A
A heterogenous mixture where the substances float
E.g.
- chalk and water
- muddy water
- flour and water
- dust particles and air
- fog
A colloid will stay mixed together, whereas a suspension will separate.
10
Q
What is a colloid?
A
A heterogenous mixture that needs an emulsion or else the particles will separate because they are not bonded together
- aerosols
- solid aerosols (paint)
- foams
- solid foams
- emulsions (mayonnaise)
- gels
- sols
- solid sols
Colloids are characterized by the Tyndall effect and Brownian motion. Brownian motion is the random motion of the particles, which allows them to stay in solution
A colloid will stay mixed together, whereas a suspension will separate.
11
Q
What is a paper chromatography test for?
A
A paper chromatography test can be used to determine if they are pure substances or solutions
12
Q
What is a solution or a homogenous mixture?
A
- You can’t see the different substances
- a solute is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution
- there are attractions between these particles
E.g. salty water where the salt is dissolved in the water to make a salt-water solution
13
Q
What is a solute?
A
The substance that dissolves
E.g. salt
14
Q
What is a solvent?
A
The substance that does the dissolving
E.g. water
15
Q
Give examples of each type of matter in the chart of matter.
A
Mechanical (Heterogeneous) mixtures
E.g. Soil
Suspensions
E.g. Tomato juice
Colloids
E.g. milk
Homogeneous Mixtures / solutions
E.g. Vinegar
Element
E.g. tin foil
Compound
E.g. pure water (H2O)
16
Q
What is concentration?
A
It tells you the amount of solute dissolved in a specific amount of solvent
17
Q
What is an unsaturated solution?
A
When a solute can still dissolve in the solvent because space remains for it, the solution is called unsaturated.
18
Q
What is a saturated solution?
A
A solution where no more solute can dissolve because it has reached the point of saturation.
19
Q
What is solubility?
A
The maximum amount of solute you can add to a fixed volume of solvent
The ability to be dissolved, especially in water.
20
Q
What is an aqueous solution?
A
It means that the solvent is water
21
Q
The solubility of solids and liquids increases as the temperature of the solvent ______________?
A
increases
22
Q
Does the solubility of a gas increase or decrease as the temperature increases?
A
Decreases as the temperature increases
This means that hotter water does not hold as much oxygen, so if water is too warm, fish may find it tough to breathe properly. Think about this when hotter effluent is coming out of the water cleaning systems into our rivers.
23
Q
What are the four parts to the particle model of matter?
A
- All matter is made of tiny particles
- The tiny particles are always moving
- The particles may be attracted or bonded together but as the substance is heated the particles move father apart from each other
- The particles have spaces between them
24
Q
What factors affect the rate of dissolving?
A
- Temperature of the solvent
- size of the pieces- because they have more surface area for the particles to bump into
- Stirring so the particles bump into each other
25
Why do substances dissolve?
Some particles may be more attracted to each other and so they change their bonds slightly to be attracted to the new substance
26
What are the two main categories of matter?
Pure substances and mixtures
27
Define a pure substance.
A pure substance is made up of only one kind of matter.
28
Give an example of a pure substance.
Sugar
29
What is a mixture?
A mixture is made up of a combination of different substances.
30
Give an example of a mixture.
Soil
31
How can you classify items you have used in the past few days?
As either pure substances or mixtures
32
What should you do if you're unsure whether an item is a pure substance or a mixture?
Make a third grouping
33
What is a characteristic of pure substances?
They have a unique set of characteristics or properties.
34
List three examples of pure substances.
* Aluminum foil
* Baking soda
* Distilled water
35
Can pure substances be separated into different substances?
No
36
What happens to the properties of substances in a mixture?
Each substance keeps its properties.
37
True or False: In a mixture, it is always easy to identify the properties of each substance.
False
38
Fill in the blank: In a drink of soda pop, you may not see the sugar, but you can _______ it.
taste
39
What can sometimes make it easy to identify different substances in a mixture?
Visual appearance of the substances
40
Give an example of a mixture where the components are easily identified.
A package of mixed vegetables
41
What metal was used to make pennies until 1997?
Copper
## Footnote
Pennies are now made of a mixture of metals.
42
What are mixtures of metals called?
Alloys
## Footnote
Alloys are used in the composition of modern pennies.
43
Give three examples of pure substances.
* Sugar
* Water
* Salt
## Footnote
Oxygen gas is also a common example of a pure substance.
44
How would you classify vinegar: pure substance or mixture?
Mixture
## Footnote
The classification of vinegar requires understanding of mixtures.
45
What is a mechanical mixture?
A mixture where you can see the different substances
## Footnote
Examples include soil and mixed vegetables.
46
What is another term for a mechanical mixture?
Heterogeneous mixture
## Footnote
This term emphasizes the visibility of different components.
47
What type of mixture looks as if it is all one substance?
Solution
## Footnote
Solutions are also known as homogeneous mixtures.
48
What is the difference between a pure substance and a solution?
A pure substance is uniform, while a solution may appear uniform but is a mixture
## Footnote
Differentiating may require tests.
49
What are suspensions and colloids classified as?
Mixtures
## Footnote
They differ from solutions in that their components are not uniformly distributed.
50
What is the classification of matter chart used for?
To summarize the classification of matter as pure substance, mechanical mixture, solution, suspension, or colloid
## Footnote
This helps in understanding the types of mixtures and substances.
51
What is a suspension?
A cloudy mixture in which droplets or tiny pieces of one substance are held within another substance.
## Footnote
If left undisturbed, the parts of a suspension will usually separate out. An example is muddy water.
52
What happens to the components of a suspension if left undisturbed?
They usually separate out.
## Footnote
This characteristic distinguishes suspensions from colloids.
53
What is a colloid?
A cloudy mixture where the droplets or tiny pieces are so small that they do not separate out easily.
## Footnote
An example of a colloid is homogenized milk, which contains tiny cream droplets in whey.
54
Give an example of a colloid.
Homogenized milk.
## Footnote
It consists of tiny cream droplets suspended in whey.
55
What is the difference between a pure substance and a solution?
A pure substance consists of only one type of particle, while a solution is a mixture of different substances.
## Footnote
The distinction can often be determined through tests such as paper chromatography.
56
What test can be used to determine if a fluid is a pure substance or a solution?
Paper chromatography.
## Footnote
This test involves placing a piece of filter paper in a solution and observing the movement of the fluid.
57
What occurs during paper chromatography if the fluid is a pure substance?
It will move up a strip of filter paper to one level.
## Footnote
This indicates that it is not mixed with other substances.
58
What occurs during paper chromatography if the fluid is a solution?
The different substances in it will move up the paper to different levels.
## Footnote
This shows the separation of mixed components.
59
What is a foam?
A colloid of a gas in a liquid.
## Footnote
Foams can be used for insulation and harden in place to seal cracks.
60
How does foam behave when it comes out of a can?
It comes out as a fluid and then hardens in place.
## Footnote
This process allows it to effectively seal cracks.
61
What is the filter paper used to test the substance called?
Chromatogram
## Footnote
A chromatogram is used to visualize the separation of substances in a mixture.
62
What happens to the ink spots when the chromatogram is placed in water?
The water soaks into the paper and dissolves the ink spots
## Footnote
This demonstrates the process of chromatography.
63
What determines the distance a substance moves on a chromatogram?
Its attraction to the paper
## Footnote
Substances with stronger attraction to the paper move less distance compared to those with weaker attraction.
64
True or False: Substances with the strongest attraction to the paper move the farthest.
False
## Footnote
Substances with the strongest attraction do not move very far.
65
How many substances are mixed together in black ink, as shown in the chromatogram?
Multiple substances
## Footnote
The chromatogram reveals that the ink is not a pure substance.
66
What are the two classifications of methods for separating mixtures?
Destructive and non-destructive
## Footnote
These classifications help categorize various separation techniques.
67
Fill in the blank: Methods of separating mixtures can be classified as either _______ or non-destructive.
destructive
## Footnote
Destructive methods alter the original mixture, while non-destructive methods do not.
68
What should you use to find examples of methods for separating mixtures?
Print or electronic resources
## Footnote
This research can include methods beyond chromatography.
69
What is the minimum concentration of chlorine in a swimming pool detectable by the human nose?
One part per million (ppm)
## Footnote
This indicates the sensitivity of human olfaction to chlorine.
70
What is the substance that dissolves in a solution called?
Solute
## Footnote
The solute is the component that is present in a lesser amount compared to the solvent.
71
What is the substance that does the dissolving in a solution called?
Solvent
## Footnote
The solvent is typically present in a greater amount than the solute.
72
What is a concentrated solution?
A solution with large amounts of solute in the solvent
## Footnote
An example is frozen juice concentrate which has a high amount of orange solids.
73
What is a diluted solution?
A solution with small amounts of solute in the solvent
## Footnote
Dilution involves adding more solvent to a concentrated solution.
74
How do you measure the concentration of a solution?
By stating the amount of solute in a specific amount of solvent
## Footnote
For example, 50 g of solute in 100 mL of water.
75
What is the concentration of a solution with 50 g of solute dissolved in 100 mL of water?
50 g/100 mL of water
## Footnote
This is read as 'fifty grams per one hundred millilitres.'
76
What does a concentration of 5% real juice indicate?
5 grams of juice per 100 mL of solution
## Footnote
This is a way to express concentration in percentage.
77
Fill in the blank: Very low concentrations may be stated in ______.
Parts per million (ppm)
## Footnote
This unit is often used for measuring trace substances.
78
What is needed to compare the concentrations of two solutions?
The amount of solute in the same volume of solvent for each solution
79
How do you determine which solution is more concentrated?
By comparing the amount of solute per the same volume of solvent
80
What is the concentration of the first solution if it has 10 g of salt in 50 mL of water?
10 g/50 mL
81
What is the concentration of the second solution if it has 25 g of salt in 100 mL of water?
25 g/100 mL
82
What is the more concentrated solution in the given example?
The solution with 25 g/100 mL
83
What must be the same for both solutions when comparing concentrations?
The volume of solvent
84
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution in which more solute can dissolve
85
What happens when no more solute can dissolve in a solution?
It becomes a saturated solution
86
What is solubility?
The maximum amount of solute that can be added to a fixed volume of solvent at a given temperature
87
What occurs at the saturation point of a solution?
No more solute can be dissolved in a fixed volume of solvent at that temperature
88
What is an example of making a diluted solution?
Mixing water with juice concentrate
89
What is the concentration of a cleaning solution made of 5.25 g of sodium hypochlorite in 100 mL of water?
5.25 g/100 mL
90
How would you make a cleaning solution with 21 g of sodium hypochlorite in 100 mL of water?
Dilute it to achieve a concentration similar to the cleaning solution
91
What does it mean for a substance to be insoluble?
A substance that won't dissolve in a solvent is considered insoluble.
92
What is solubility?
The maximum amount of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
93
Why do different solutes have different solubilities?
Solubility is a unique property for each substance.
94
What is the solubility of salt in water at 0°C?
35.7 g in 100 mL of water.
95
What is the solubility of sugar in water at 0°C?
180 g in 100 mL of water.
96
Fill in the blank: The solubility of baking soda in water at 0°C is ______.
6.9 g
97
What is the solubility of carbon dioxide in water at 0°C?
0.00019 g in 100 mL of water.
98
What is the solubility of hydrogen in water at 0°C?
0.007 g in 100 mL of water.
99
What is the solubility of oxygen in water at 0°C?
92 g in 100 mL of water.
100
What is solubility?
The maximum amount of solute you can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a given temperature.
101
What factors affect solubility?
At least three factors: * type of solute * type of solvent * temperature
102
What is the most common solvent?
Water
103
Why is water referred to as the universal solvent?
Because it can dissolve so many different substances.
104
What does the term 'aqueous solution' mean?
It means the solvent is water.
105
Fill in the blank: Water is sometimes referred to as the _______.
universal solvent
106
What is an example of a solute and solvent in a gas state?
Solute: gas, Solvent: gas (e.g., air)
107
What is an example of a liquid solute and a liquid solvent?
Solute: liquid (e.g., carbon dioxide), Solvent: liquid (e.g., water)
108
What is an example of a solid solute and a liquid solvent?
Solute: solid (e.g., salt), Solvent: liquid (e.g., water)
109
True or False: Solutions can only be made up of liquids.
False
110
Name an example of a solution that includes a solid solute and a solid solvent.
Brass (zinc and copper)
111
Fill in the blank: An example of seawater includes _______ as a solute.
salt and other substances
112
What is an example of antifreeze as a solution?
Ethylene glycol in water
113
What is rubber cement an example of?
Benzeno in rubber
114
What type of test must be designed to determine which solutes dissolve in which solvents?
A fair test
115
How does solubility change with temperature for most common solid or liquid substances?
Solubility increases as the temperature of the solvent increases.
## Footnote
For example, at 25°C, 36.2 g of salt can dissolve in 100 mL of water, while at 100°C, 39.2 g can dissolve.
116
What happens to the solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent as temperature increases?
The solubility of a gas decreases as the temperature increases.
## Footnote
This is the reverse of what occurs with solids and liquids.
117
What is thermal pollution?
Thermal pollution occurs when warmer water, used as a coolant in industrial processes, is returned directly to a water body.
## Footnote
This can negatively impact the aquatic environment.
118
Why is oxygen important for aquatic life?
Oxygen supports life in water.
## Footnote
Aquatic organisms rely on dissolved oxygen for survival.
119
What happens to the concentration of oxygen in water as the temperature increases?
The concentration of oxygen decreases as the temperature increases.
## Footnote
This is due to the decreased solubility of gases in warmer water.
120
What could happen to living organisms if the amount of oxygen in the water decreases greatly?
Living organisms could suffer or die due to lack of oxygen.
## Footnote
Decreased oxygen levels can lead to a decline in aquatic life.
121
Who produced a green ink called chromium trioxide?
Thomas Sterry Hunt produced it in 1857.
## Footnote
He was a professor at McGill University in Montreal.
122
What is unique about Dr. Hunt's green ink?
It cannot be dissolved or copied by photography.
## Footnote
This quality makes it suitable for printing American money.
123
Fill in the blank: The solubility of a gas in a liquid solvent _______ as the temperature increases.
decreases
124
True or False: The solubility of solids generally decreases with an increase in temperature.
False
## Footnote
The solubility of most solids increases with temperature.
125
What happens to potassium permanganate when added to still water?
It dissolves in the water over time.
## Footnote
The process occurs without stirring, indicating that diffusion is taking place.
126
Can something dissolve without stirring?
Yes, as demonstrated by potassium permanganate in still water.
## Footnote
This illustrates the concept of diffusion.
127
What was the initial volume of rubbing alcohol measured by the lab technician?
20 mL
## Footnote
The technician measured this in a graduated cylinder.
128
What was the initial volume of water measured by the lab technician?
20 mL
## Footnote
This was also measured in a separate graduated cylinder.
129
What was the total volume of the combined liquids in the graduated cylinder?
39 mL
## Footnote
This is less than the expected 40 mL, suggesting a volume contraction.
130
Did the lab technician make a mistake when measuring the combined volume of liquids?
No, the volume contraction is a known phenomenon when mixing certain liquids.
## Footnote
This occurs due to interactions between the molecules of the two liquids.
131
Can you combine two liquids and have a volume less than the sum of the volumes when you started?
Yes, this can happen due to volume contraction.
## Footnote
The phenomenon is observed in mixtures like alcohol and water.
132
What is the significance of diffusion in the context of dissolving substances?
Diffusion allows substances to spread and mix in a solvent without external agitation.
## Footnote
This is a fundamental concept in chemistry related to the movement of particles.
133
What is the particle model of matter?
A model that helps explain the structure of matter and its properties
134
What are the four main points of the particle model of matter?
* All matter is made up of tiny particles
* Different substances are made up of different particles
* Particles are always moving and vibrating
* Particles have spaces between them
135
Why did potassium permanganate start to dissolve without being stirred?
The particle model of matter explains the behavior of particles in solutions
136
Why do volumes not add up when water and rubbing alcohol are mixed?
The particle model of matter explains the arrangement and attraction of particles in different states
137
What can be said about the number of particles in a solid compared to a liquid or gas?
There are more particles in a given volume of solid than in the same volume of liquid or gas
138
How do the particles of solids move?
They wiggle in one place
139
How do the particles of liquids move?
They slide around and over each other
140
How do the particles of gases move?
They move as far as the space allows
141
What does it mean when particles in matter are attracted to each other?
Some particles bond together or have stronger attractions to other particles
142
Fill in the blank: There are about ______ particles in a snowflake.
10^18
143
What is the significance of the spaces between particles?
It explains the differences in properties between solids, liquids, and gases
144
What is the total volume of sand and marbles when mixed together?
300 mL
## Footnote
50 mL of sand + 250 mL of marbles = 300 mL
145
How does the particle model explain what happens when sand and marbles are mixed?
Smaller particles of sand fill in the spaces between larger marbles
## Footnote
This illustrates how different sized particles interact in a mixture.
146
What two substances are compared in the mixing example?
Alcohol and water
## Footnote
Both are made of different particles that vary in size.
147
What happens to the particles when alcohol and water are mixed according to the particle model?
Smaller particles fill spaces between larger particles
## Footnote
This demonstrates the interaction of particles in different substances.
148
What is the process called when potassium permanganate is placed in water?
Dissolving
## Footnote
The particles of the solute (potassium permanganate) are attracted to the particles of the solvent (water).
149
In a solution, what happens to the solute when mixed with a solvent?
The solute seems to disappear
## Footnote
This is due to the solute particles being attracted to the solvent particles.
150
What factors affect the rate of dissolving?
* Kind of solute
* Kind of solvent
* Temperature
## Footnote
These factors influence the solubility of substances.
151
What does the particle model state about the attraction between particles?
Particles are attracted to each other
## Footnote
Some particles are more attracted to other substances than to themselves.
152
Fill in the blank: The smaller particles of one substance fill in the spaces between the _______ of another substance.
larger particles
153
True or False: The particle model can explain why substances dissolve.
True
## Footnote
The model provides insight into the interactions between solutes and solvents.
154
What is one important consideration in dissolving solutes?
The rate of dissolving
## Footnote
This refers to how fast a solute will dissolve in a solvent.
155
How does increasing temperature affect the rate at which a solute dissolves?
It makes the particles move faster
## Footnote
Faster movement leads to more frequent collisions between solvent and solute particles.
156
What effect does the size of solute pieces have on the rate of dissolving?
Smaller pieces dissolve more quickly than larger pieces
## Footnote
Smaller pieces have more surface area for solvent particles to interact with.
157
Fill in the blank: Small pieces of solute dissolve more quickly than _______.
large pieces
158
What is the effect of stirring on the dissolving process?
It moves all the particles around
## Footnote
This increases the interaction between solvent and solute particles.
159
What is the particle model?
A simple way of describing matter and its behaviour
## Footnote
It helps explain the factors affecting the rate of dissolving.
160
What is atomic structure?
A way of describing matter at the atomic level
## Footnote
Atoms are the basic units that make up particles.
161
True or False: Larger pieces of solute have more surface area for solvent interactions.
False
## Footnote
Smaller pieces provide more surface area.
162
Fill in the blank: Heat energy is transferred by the movement of _______.
particles
163
What are homogeneous mixtures?
Mixtures that look as though they have only one set of properties
## Footnote
Examples include paints and solutions like sugar in water.
164
What does 'homogeneous' mean in the context of mixtures?
Every part of the mixture is the same
165
What is a solution?
A homogeneous mixture of substances in which no settling occurs
166
According to the particle model, how do solutions occur?
When the particles of the components slip in between each other in an even distribution
167
What is an example of a homogeneous mixture?
A solution of water and sugar
168
What happens to the properties of sugar and water in a sugar-water solution?
The solution has one set of properties using some of the properties of sugar and some of water
169
What are heterogeneous mixtures?
Mixtures that contain two or more materials that are still visible
170
What does 'heterogeneous' mean?
Made up of parts, or mixed
171
How can you identify a heterogeneous mixture?
By observing visible differences in the materials
172
What can be observed in rocks that indicate they are heterogeneous mixtures?
Rocks can contain multiple colors and textures
173
Fill in the blank: A homogeneous mixture is blended so thoroughly that every sample contains ______ amounts of all matter that make it up.
equal
174
What is the challenge in determining if a mixture is homogeneous or heterogeneous?
It can be difficult to determine correctly without using a magnifying glass.
175
What is a suspension?
A heterogeneous mixture in which the particles settle slowly after mixing.
176
What are examples of suspensions?
* Italian salad dressing
* Clay mixed with water
177
What process helps fat globules in milk stay dispersed longer?
Homogenization.
178
What is a colloid?
A heterogeneous mixture in which the particles do not settle.
179
What can colloidal particles do that suspended particles cannot?
Pass through most common filters.
180
What is an emulsion?
A mixture formed by adding an emulsifying agent to a colloid.
181
What is an example of an emulsion?
Mayonnaise.
182
What is the role of an emulsifying agent?
It prevents tiny droplets of fat from joining together.
183
What are mechanical mixtures?
Mixtures that are obviously heterogeneous.
184
What are the separate parts of a mechanical mixture called?
Phases.
185
When oil separates from water, how many distinct phases are visible?
Two distinct phases.
186
In soda water, what makes up one phase?
The bubbles.
187
Fill in the blank: A heterogeneous mixture in which particles settle slowly after mixing is called a _______.
suspension
188
True or False: Colloidal particles can settle at the bottom of a container.
False.
189
What is the process of forming a solution by mixing two or more materials called?
Dissolving
## Footnote
Dissolving results in a homogeneous mixture.
190
What happens to salt when it is mixed with water?
It dissolves
## Footnote
Salt forms a solution with water.
191
Which two materials are mentioned as not forming a solution?
Orange juice and milk
## Footnote
The pulp of orange juice and milk fat do not dissolve.
192
What determines whether materials dissolve?
The attraction between particles
## Footnote
The strength of attraction among the particles influences dissolving.
193
What happens to the attraction among sugar particles when sugar is placed in water?
It is overcome by water particles
## Footnote
Water particles can attract sugar particles more strongly than sugar particles attract each other.
194
What is the first step that occurs when water particles pull a sugar particle away from a crystal?
A sugar particle is attracted and removed
## Footnote
Water particles attract sugar particles away from the crystal structure.
195
What continues to happen until all of the sugar is dissolved in water?
Water particles carry sugar particles away
## Footnote
This process continues with more water particles moving in to attract additional sugar particles.
196
What occurs to water particles in a drop left on a table over time?
Particles escape into the air
## Footnote
The attraction among water particles is not strong enough to keep them in the liquid state.
197
What term describes the process when a liquid changes to a gas?
Evaporation
## Footnote
Evaporation is observed when water particles escape from a liquid drop.
198
Fill in the blank: A group of _______ can attract a sugar particle more strongly than other sugar particles.
water particles
## Footnote
This attraction helps to explain how dissolving occurs.
199
What is the substance called that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution?
Solute
## Footnote
In the example of sugar dissolving in water, sugar is the solute.
200
What is the substance called that dissolves a solute to form a solution?
Solvent
## Footnote
In the example of sugar dissolving in water, water is the solvent.
201
True or False: There is usually more solute than solvent in a solution.
False
## Footnote
Typically, there is less solute than solvent in a solution.
202
Fill in the blank: Sugar is ______ in water.
soluble
## Footnote
Soluble means able to be dissolved in a particular solvent.
203
What are the three states of matter that both solutes and solvents may be?
Solid, liquid, gas
## Footnote
Examples include air and ocean water.
204
What is the mixture developed by Swedish dentists and chemists used for?
To replace the use of the drill for filling certain cavities
## Footnote
The mixture dissolves decayed dentine in teeth.
205
What is the name of the red gel that dissolves decayed dentine?
Carisolv
## Footnote
Carisolv is a mixture of three amino acids and a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite.
206
How long can the process using Carisolv be accomplished?
Less than 30 seconds
## Footnote
The process involves very little discomfort to the patient.
207
What does sodium hypochlorite do in the Carisolv mixture?
Dissolves the rotten tissue of the tooth
## Footnote
Amino acids in the mixture attract the dissolved parts.
208
List three examples of solutions in liquid states.
* Soda water
* Vinegar
* Ocean water
## Footnote
These solutions consist of different solutes and solvents.
209
What are the components of air as a solution?
Oxygen, other gases, nitrogen gas
## Footnote
Air is a gaseous solution made up of various gases.
210
What is the substance called that dissolves in a solvent to form a solution?
Solute
## Footnote
In the example of sugar dissolving in water, sugar is the solute.
211
What is the substance called that dissolves a solute to form a solution?
Solvent
## Footnote
In the example of sugar dissolving in water, water is the solvent.
212
True or False: There is usually more solute than solvent in a solution.
False
## Footnote
Typically, there is less solute than solvent in a solution.
213
Fill in the blank: Sugar is ______ in water.
soluble
## Footnote
Soluble means able to be dissolved in a particular solvent.
214
What are the three states of matter that both solutes and solvents may be?
Solid, liquid, gas
## Footnote
Examples include air and ocean water.
215
What is the mixture developed by Swedish dentists and chemists used for?
To replace the use of the drill for filling certain cavities
## Footnote
The mixture dissolves decayed dentine in teeth.
216
What is the name of the red gel that dissolves decayed dentine?
Carisolv
## Footnote
Carisolv is a mixture of three amino acids and a weak solution of sodium hypochlorite.
217
How long can the process using Carisolv be accomplished?
Less than 30 seconds
## Footnote
The process involves very little discomfort to the patient.
218
What does sodium hypochlorite do in the Carisolv mixture?
Dissolves the rotten tissue of the tooth
## Footnote
Amino acids in the mixture attract the dissolved parts.
219
List three examples of solutions in liquid states.
* Soda water
* Vinegar
* Ocean water
## Footnote
These solutions consist of different solutes and solvents.
220
What are the components of air as a solution?
Oxygen, other gases, nitrogen gas
## Footnote
Air is a gaseous solution made up of various gases.
221
What is water commonly referred to as due to its ability to dissolve many materials?
Universal solvent
## Footnote
Water is called the universal solvent because it can dissolve a wide range of substances, including both nutrients and pollutants.
222
What percentage of Earth's surface is covered with water?
Two-thirds
## Footnote
Water covers approximately 66% of the Earth's surface.
223
What vital role does water play in the human body?
Carries food molecules, vitamins, minerals, and wastes
## Footnote
Water makes up about half of the blood, crucial for transporting essential substances.
224
What is the term for measuring how fast a solute dissolves in a solvent?
Rate of dissolving
## Footnote
Understanding the rate of dissolving helps in various applications, including cooking and chemical processes.
225
What effect does agitation have on the rate of dissolving?
Increases the rate of dissolving
## Footnote
Agitation helps by moving water molecules closer to solute particles, enhancing interaction.
226
Fill in the blank: When the solute is in smaller pieces, there is more _______ for dissolving.
Surface area
## Footnote
Smaller pieces of solute provide more area for interaction with the solvent, speeding up dissolution.
227
What other factors, besides agitation, can affect the rate of dissolving?
Temperature and pressure
## Footnote
Higher temperatures usually increase solubility rates, while pressure can affect gas solubility.
228
What percentage of Earth's water is usable fresh water?
0.5 percent
## Footnote
The vast majority of Earth's water is either ocean water or frozen, with only a small fraction being fresh water.
229
True or False: 97 percent of Earth's water is fresh water.
False
## Footnote
In reality, 97 percent of Earth's water is ocean water, not fresh.
230
What happens to water when it mixes with various materials?
It can become polluted
## Footnote
Water's ability to mix with many substances makes it vulnerable to contamination.
231
What do plants use water for?
Delivering nutrients and removing wastes
## Footnote
Water is essential for transporting nutrients in the sap from roots to other parts of the plant.
232
What is the limit to how concentrated a solution can become called?
Solubility
## Footnote
Solubility refers to the maximum mass of a solute that can dissolve in a given amount of solvent at a specific temperature.
233
Define a saturated solution.
A solution in which no more solute will dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at a specific temperature.
## Footnote
In a saturated solution, the solvent has reached its capacity for dissolving the solute.
234
What is an unsaturated solution?
A solution in which more of the solute could dissolve in a specific amount of solvent at the same temperature.
## Footnote
This means that there is still room for additional solute to dissolve.
235
What is the solubility of salt (sodium chloride) in 100g of ice-cold water?
35.7 g/100 g of water
## Footnote
This value indicates the maximum amount of salt that can dissolve in ice-cold water at 0°C.
236
List three substances from the solubility table.
* copper(II) sulfate
* baking soda
* Epsom salts
## Footnote
These are examples of common substances with varying solubility in water.
237
Fill in the blank: The degree of attraction is different for different substances because the particles of one pure substance are not the same as those of _______.
[another substance]
## Footnote
This difference in particle type affects how substances dissolve in solvents.
238
What state is carbon dioxide in at room temperature?
Gas
## Footnote
Carbon dioxide is commonly found in a gaseous state under standard conditions.
239
What is the solubility of sugar (sucrose) in 100g of water?
Unlimited
## Footnote
This indicates that sugar can dissolve in water without a defined limit under certain conditions.
240
True or False: Epsom salts are insoluble in water.
False
## Footnote
Epsom salts have a specific solubility value indicating they can dissolve in water.
241
What is the solubility of ethyl alcohol in 100g of water?
0.007 g/100 g of water
## Footnote
This indicates that ethyl alcohol has a low solubility in water.
242
What is the solubility of nitrogen in 100g of water?
0.0007 g/100 g of water
## Footnote
This very low solubility indicates nitrogen does not dissolve well in water.
243
What is the state of canola oil at room temperature?
Liquid
## Footnote
Canola oil is typically found in a liquid state.
244
What is a saturated solution?
A solution in which no more solute can dissolve in the solvent despite stirring.
## Footnote
This occurs when all water particles are already attracted to solute particles.
245
How does the particle model explain saturated solutions?
All water particles are attracted to copper(I) sulfate particles, leaving no additional water particles to attract more solute.
## Footnote
Movement of individual particles continues, but no further solute dissolves.
246
What is a supersaturated solution?
A solution that contains more solute than normally dissolves at a certain temperature.
## Footnote
This can occur when a saturated solution is cooled without stirring.
247
What happens when a crystal is added to a supersaturated solution?
The excess solute quickly crystallizes.
## Footnote
This is demonstrated when a small crystal is introduced to the solution.
248
How can you prepare a supersaturated solution?
By making a saturated solution and then cooling it without stirring.
## Footnote
The solute remains dissolved for a short time.
249
At what temperature is the solubility of a solute being calculated in the example?
0°C.
## Footnote
The example involves dissolving solute into 550g of water at this temperature.
250
What is the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve in the example given?
495g of solute.
## Footnote
This is the limit for dissolving in 550g of water at 0°C.
251
What is the purpose of preparing a spreadsheet or database in the laboratory example?
To show the number of grams of solute needed to make various volumes of saturated solutions at 0°C.
## Footnote
Volumes include 10 mL, 50 mL, 100 mL, 500 mL, and 1000 mL.
252
What does it indicate if a crystal of solute dissolves when added to a solution?
The solution is unsaturated.
## Footnote
This means more solute can still dissolve.
253
What does it indicate if a crystal of solute does not dissolve in a solution?
The solution is saturated.
## Footnote
This indicates that the solution cannot dissolve any more solute.
254
What does it indicate if many more crystals form after adding a solute?
The solution is supersaturated.
## Footnote
This suggests that there was excess solute that can now crystallize.
255
What is dry cleaning more accurately referred to as?
Wet cleaning
## Footnote
Because water can damage some fabrics, dry cleaners use different liquids.
256
What liquid is commonly used in dry cleaning?
Perchloroethylene
## Footnote
It is used instead of water to clean delicate fabrics.
257
What was carbon tetrachloride used for before it was banned?
Dry cleaning fluid
## Footnote
It was banned due to its dangerous properties.
258
What does it mean if a material is described as insoluble?
Not able to be dissolved in a particular solvent
## Footnote
Examples include pulp in orange juice and fat droplets in milk.
259
Why are grass stains difficult to remove from clothing?
Chlorophyll particles are more attracted to each other than to water particles
## Footnote
This makes them insoluble in water.
260
What solvent can be used to remove grass stains?
Rubbing alcohol
## Footnote
Other solvents can also be effective.
261
What is needed to remove stubborn stains made up of fatty particles?
Soap or detergent
## Footnote
These help to dissolve the fat particles.
262
What do detergent molecules consist of?
Long molecules with different abilities to attract other particles
## Footnote
One end is attracted to fatty particles, the other to water.
263
How do detergent molecules help with cleaning?
They dissolve fat particles so they can be rinsed away with water
## Footnote
This is essential for removing greasy stains.
264
What is a specialized cleaning product used for?
Cleaning accumulated dirt from paintings without dissolving the paint
## Footnote
This preserves the artwork while cleaning.
