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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > A&P 1 Chapter 8 Joints > Flashcards

A&P 1 Chapter 8 Joints Flashcards

(55 cards)

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0
Q

Functional classes of joints

A

Synarthroses-immovable

Amphiarthrosis- slightly movable

Diarthrosis-freely movable

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1
Q

Functions of joint

A
  • Give Skeleton mobility

- hold Skeleton together

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2
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • most are immovable
  • Bound together by fibers
  • no joint cavity

Three types:

Sutures
Syndesmoses
Gomphoses

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3
Q

Suture

A
  • has short, interconnecting fibers, where bone edges interlock
  • Found only in the skull
  • synostoses- skulls bones fused together in middle age
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4
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • Joint held together by a ligament
  • Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures
  • immovable to slightly movable

Ex: ligament connecting the distal ends of the tibia and fibula

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5
Q

Gomphosis

A
  • “Peg in socket” fibrous joint
  • Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket

(Think gomma)

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7
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • The joints are both rigid and slightly movable
  • No cavity

Synchondroses

Symphysesm

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8
Q

Synchondrosis

A

Bones united by hyaline cartilage

  • Most common example of synchondrosis are the epiphyseal plates in long bones of children
  • joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and sternum
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11
Q

Symphyses

A

Bones united by fibrocartilage.

  • Compressive and resilient,
  • acts like shock absorber and permits limited amount of movement at the joint.

Ex: intervertebral discs at spine and pubic symphysis of pelvis

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13
Q

Synovial joints

A

Joints in which the articulating bones are separated by a fluid containing joint cavity. Most joints of the body fall into this category.

Six distinguishing features:

  • Articular cartilage
  • joint cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments
  • Nerves and blood vessels
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14
Q

Six Distinguishing features of Synovial joints

A
  • Articular cartilage
  • joint (articular) cavity
  • articular capsule
  • synovial fluid
  • Reinforcing ligaments
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15
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Smooth hyaline cartilage covers the opposing bone surfaces. Absorbs compression

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16
Q

Joint (Articular) cavity

A

Unique to synovial joints, the cavity is a space that contains small amount of synovial fluid.

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17
Q

Articular capsule

A

Encloses the joint cavity with two layers.

Fibrous layer: composed of dense irregular connective tissue

Synovial membrane: composed of loose connective tissue

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18
Q

Synovial fluid

A

Provides a slippery, weight bearing film that reduces friction between the cartilages.

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19
Q

Reinforcing ligaments

A

Synovial joints are reinforced and strengthened by bandlike ligaments:

Capsular ligaments: thickened parts of the fibrous layer

Extracapsular ligaments: ligaments outside of capsule

Intracapsular ligaments: within capsule

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20
Q

Nerves and blood vessels

A

Synovial joints are richly supplied with sensory nerve fibers within the capsule.

  • Can detect pain
  • Monitors joint position and stretch
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21
Q

Bursae / Bursa

A

Rolling “bags” between structures of joint that lessen friction.

-flattened fibrous sacks lined with synovial membrane and containing a thin-film of synovial fluid within. They occur when ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, and bones rub together.

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22
Q

Tendon Sheaths

A

An elongated bursa that wraps around the tendon subjected to friction where tendons are crowded together.

ex: wrist

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23
Q

Angular movements

A

Movements that increase or decrease the angle between two bones.

Include:
Flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, circumduction

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24
Q

Flexion

A

Bending movement that decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together. Usually a long sagittal plane.

Ex: bending the head forward on chest.

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25
Q

Extension

A
  • the reverse of flexion
  • involves movement along the sagittal plane
  • increases the angle between the articulating bones
  • typically straightens a flexed limb
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26
Q

Gliding movements

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A
  • flat bone surface glides or slips over another
  • back and forth side to side
  • without angulation or rotation

Ex: Wrists and ankles… (Queen wave)

27
Q

Adduction

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A
  • moving toward the midline

- the opposite of abduction

28
Circumduction
- Movement of the limb so that it describes a cone in space - the distal end of the limb moves in a circle, while the point of the cone (the shoulder or the hip joint) is more or less stationary
29
Rotation
Turning of one bone around its own long access -common at hip and shoulder joints
30
Abduction
- "Moving away" from midline | ex: raising the thigh laterally (hip abductor)
31
Supination & Pronation
Supination -turning backwards (see Palm of hand) Pronation - turning forward
32
Dorsiflexion/ plantar flexion
Dorsiflexion: wrist/foot flexion (upward movement) Plantar flexion: wrist/foot extension (downward movement
33
Synarthroses
Immovable joints ``` Syn= together Arthro= joint ```
34
Amphiarthroses
Slightly movable joints Amphi= both sides
35
Diarthroses / diarthrotic
Freely movable joints Dia= through, apart
36
Inversion /Eversion
Inversion - sole of foot turns medially Eversion - sole of foot faces laterally
37
Protraction / Retraction
Protraction- mandible projects forward (anteriorly) Retraction- mandible (jaw) moves backwards (posteriorly)
38
Elevation / Depression
Elevation- lifting body part superiorly Ex: shrugging shoulders Depression- moving the elevated part inferiorly Ex: chewing gum jaw is elevated and depressed
39
Opposition
Saddle joint between metacarpal and trapezium allows thumb to move to opposite sides
40
Types of movements
Gliding- nonaxial (hand queen wave) Media/Lateral axis (flexion/extension) [uniaxial movement] - hinge joint Anterior/posterior axis (adduction/abduction) [biaxial movement] - Vertical axis (Rotation) [uniaxial movement] All directions [multiaxial]
43
Origin/insertion of muscle attachment across synovial joint
Origin – attachment to the immovable bone Insertion – attachment to be movable bone
44
Hinge joints
- Motion is along a single plane - Uniaxial joints permits flexion and extension only Ex: elbow and interphalangeal joints
45
Pivot joints
- uniaxial movement | - Bone fits into sleeve/ligaments of another bone and spins within
46
Condyloid or ellipsoidal joints
Articular surface of one fits into complementary depression in another Biaxial joints permit all angular motions Ex: Radiocarpal (wrist) metacarpalphalangeal (knuckle)
47
Saddle joint
Each articular joint has both a concave and convex surface Biaxial movement Allows for oppositional movement Ex: thumb
48
Ball and socket joint
round head a bone articulates within socket of another Multiaxial joint freely moving Ex: shoulder and hip joints
49
Temporomeandibular joint (TMJ)
Mandibular condyle articulate with the temporal bone Hinge movement (depression and elevation) and side to side movement
50
Sprains
Torn or stretched ligaments
51
Cartilage injuries
- The snap and pop of overstressed cartilage | - repaired with arthroscopic surgery
52
Dislocations
Bones are forced out of alignment (by falls or sports injury) Usually accompanied by sprains, inflammation, and joint mobilization subluxation-partial dislocation of a joint
53
Bursitis
Inflammation of bursa caused by blow or friction Treated with anti-inflammatory drugs
54
Tendinitis
Inflammation of tendon sheets typically cause by overuse
55
Arthritis
- types of inflammatory or degenerative diseases exist - widespread in US - Acute form – caused by bacteria treated with antibiotics - chronic form- osteoarthritis rheumatoid praise and Gouty arthritis
56
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Often called "wear and tear" – most common form of arthritis 85% of Americans develop (OA) prevalent amongst the aged
57
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
- chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease - unknown cause - Usually appears between the ages of 40 to 50 Symptoms include joint tenderness, anemia, osteoporosis, muscle atophy
58
Gaudi arthritis
Deposits of uric acid crystals in joints and soft tissue Typically affects the joint of the large toe If untreated bones can fuse and immobilize the joint
59
Stability of synovial joints
- articular surfaces (shape -minor role for stability) - ligaments (The more the stronger) - muscle tone (most important stabilizing factor)
60
Articulation
Where two bones make contact

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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