A&P1 Lab 2

Question 0

Cell

Answer 0

-Plasma membrane (cell membrane) separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid

-Cytoplasm-composed of:
cytosol: liquid
Organelles: intracellular structures

Question 1

Cell theory

Answer 1

-developed by Robert Hooke

Cells are basic building blocks for plants and animals

All cells come from pre-existing cells

Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions

Each cell maintains homeostasis at cellular level

.

Question 2

Plasma membrane

Answer 2

Separates extracellular fluid from cytoplasm

Composed of:

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates

Question 3

Functions of Plasma Membrane

Answer 3

-Barrier: isolates/protects

• Regulates: Exchanges Materials through diffusion
  - ions/nutrients (in)
  - waste eliminated/cellular products (out)
• monitors: environment
  - extracellular fluid composition
  - contains chemical signals

Structural support: anchors
- cells & tissues

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

-Control center of cell

– holds DNA (chromatin)

• storage and processing of genes
• Controls protein synthesis

Has nuclear pores for communication in/out of nucleus

Nucleoli: inside nucleus
- directions —> protein synthesis

Question 5

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 5

• Rough: covered in ribosomes- used for transportation

- smooth: no ribosomes- used for synthesis of lipids and carbohydrates

Question 6

Golgi complex/apparatus

Answer 6

Package and transports proteins

Question 7

Lysosomes

Answer 7

Digest worn-out parts

Question 8

Peroxisomes

Answer 8

Detoxify: free radicals

Question 9

Mitochondria

Answer 9

Energy (produces ATP)

Question 10

Five organelles (membranous) in cell

Answer 10

• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Mitochondria
• Peroxisomes

Question 11

Cytoskeleton

Answer 11

Structural proteins that gives cell shape and strength

Is attached to centrosome

Question 12

Microvilli

Answer 12

Increases surface area of cell; absorption

attached to cytoskeleton

Question 13

Centrioles

Answer 13

Form spindle apparatus

For cell division

Is inside Centrosome: cytoplasm and centriole

Question 14

Ribosomes

Answer 14

Protein synthesis

2 types:

• Some are free: float in cytoplasm (makes proteins for cell)
• fixed ribosomes: attached to the rough ER (makes proteins to secrete)

Question 15

Interphase

Answer 15

“Resting” period: non-dividing period

  - G1 phase:
            - Cell growth
            - organelle duplication
            - protein synthesis

  -S phase: DNA replication

  - G2 phase: 
          - Completes:
                   - Protein synthesis
                   - Centriole replication

Question 16

Organelle

Answer 16

Membranous structures within cell

Question 17

Extracellular fluid

Answer 17

Watery medium around outside cell

Question 18

Cytoplasm

Answer 18

Everything within the cell: Cytosol (liquid) and organelles

Question 19

Chromosomes

Answer 19

a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.

Question 20

Nuclear envelope

Answer 20

Double membrane structure around nucleus, regulates what goes in and out through pores.

Question 21

Spindle apparatus

Answer 21

Structure that separates chromosomes between daughter cells during cell division.

Question 22

Lifecycle of cell

Answer 22

Interphase

Mitosis

Cytokinesis

Question 23

Mitosis

Answer 23

Purpose: DNA divides two sets of chromosomes

4 Distinct stages:

• prophase
• metaphase
• anaphase
• telophase

Question 24

Prophase of mitosis

Answer 24

``` Nucleoli: -disappear -chromosomes: > condenses > duplicated ``` Centriole pairs: -move ---> cell poles Nuclear envelope: -disappears Spindle fibers: -attached to centromeres

Question 25

Metaphase of mitosis

Answer 25

Chromosomes align in center (central/metaphase plate)

Question 26

Anaphase of mitosis

Answer 26

- Microtubules pull chromosomes apart | - Head towards poles

Question 27

Telophase of mitosis

Answer 27

- nuclear membranes re-form - chromosomes uncoil - nucleoli reappear - cell has two complete nuclei

Question 28

Cilia

Answer 28

hair like extensions on cell membrane move fluids across cell surface

Question 29

Cytokinesis

Answer 29

Final stage of cell division - cytoplasm - Cleavage furrow develops along metaphase plate - membrane closes and forms daughter cells

Question 30

Centrosome

Answer 30

Near the nucleus of a cell contains cytoplasm and centrioles -from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division.