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Hesi Prep > A&P > Flashcards

A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the organizational and structural unit of all living things?

A

Cells

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2
Q

Each piece of a cell has functions that help them to what?

A

Grow and survive

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3
Q

What is one thing that all cells have in common?

A

Membrane, a semi permeable membrane

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4
Q

What is the membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipids and transport hole

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5
Q

What are transport holes?

A

Proteins

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6
Q

Transport holes help the membrane do what?

A

Help certain molecules and ion move in and out of the cell

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7
Q

What is the fluid that fills the cell?

A

Cytoplasm or cytosol

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8
Q

What are groups of complex molecules that help a cell survive?

A

Organelles

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9
Q

Larger the cell, the more organelles it needs to?

A

Live and survive

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10
Q

What do all cells contain?

A

DNA and RNA; synthesize proteins

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11
Q

What structures do each cell contain?

A

Nucleic acid, cytoplasm, and a cell membrane

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12
Q

What are specialized organelles?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts

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13
Q

What do single celled organisms contain?

A

All components necessary for life

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14
Q

What do multicellular organisms become?

A

Specialized cells

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15
Q

How can life begin as a single cell?

A

Asexual or sexual reproduction

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16
Q

Cells group together in?

A

Tissues

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17
Q

Tissues group together in?

A

Organs

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18
Q

Organs group together in?

A

Systems

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19
Q

An organism is a?

A

Complete individual

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20
Q

What structure synthesizes proteins from amino acids?

A

Ribosomes

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21
Q

Ribosomes can be mobile or embedded where?

A

In rough endoplasmic reticulum

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22
Q

What structure synthesizes materials like proteins that are transported out of the cell?

A

Golgi complex/ Golgi apparatus

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23
Q

Where is the Golgi Complex located?

A

Near the nucleus and has many layers

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24
Q

What structure is used for storage, digestion, and waste removal?

A

Vacuoles

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25
Q

How many vacuoles do plant cells have?

A

One large vacuole

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26
Q

How many vacuoles do animal cells have?

A

Many small vacuoles

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27
Q

What has a membrane and moves materials within the cell?

A

Vesicle

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28
Q

What consists of microtubules that help shape and support the cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

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29
Q

What is part of the cytoskeleton and helps support the cell?

A

Microtubules

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30
Q

What is the liquid material in cell that’s mostly water but floating molecules?

A

Cytosol

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31
Q

Refers to cytosol and is found within plasma membrane but not within the nucleus?

A

Cytoplasm

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32
Q

What acts as a barrier, keeps cytoplasm in and allows what enters and leaves the cell?

A

Cell membrane

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33
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes on the surface?

A

Rough

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34
Q

Which endoplasmic reticulum has no ribosomes on its surface?

A

Smooth

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35
Q

What’s the tubular network that’s the transport system of a cell?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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36
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum fused and extended to?

A

Nuclear membrane and extends through cytoplasm to cell membrane

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37
Q

What generates ATP, involved in cell growth and death?

A

Mitochondrion

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38
Q

What does the mitochondria contain separate from the nucleus?

A

It’s own DNA

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39
Q

What are the Four functions of the mitochondria?

A

Production of cell energy, cell signaling, cellular differentiation, cell cycle and growth regulation

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40
Q

What is cellular differentiation?

A

Where non-differentiated cell becomes transformed into a more specialized purpose cell

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41
Q

What is the cell cycle and growth regulation?

A

Process where cell gets ready to reproduce and reproduces

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42
Q

What is cell signaling?

A

How cell communicates within

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43
Q

What does mitochondria inner membrane enclose?

A

The matrix

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44
Q

What does the matrix contain?

A

Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) and ribosomes

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45
Q

What is between the inner and outer mitochondria membranes?

A

Cristae ( folds)

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46
Q

What chemical reaction occurs in the cristae folds?

A

Energy release, control cell water levels, recycle and create proteins and fats

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47
Q

What occurs in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic respiration

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48
Q

What makes a pair of centrioles located at right angles to each other surrounded by protein?

A

Centrosome

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49
Q

Cylinder structures near nucleus that are involved in cellular respiration?

A

Centrioles

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50
Q

Each centriole consists of nine groups of three what?

A

Three microtubules

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51
Q

Centrosomes are involved in?

A

Mitosis and the cell cycle

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52
Q

What digests proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and transports undigested substances to be removed?

A

Lysosome

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53
Q

What does the shape of the lysosome depend on?

A

Material being transported

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54
Q

What appendages from cell surface is responsible for cell movement?

A

Cilia

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55
Q

Tail like structures that use whip like movements to help the cell move?

A

Flagella

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56
Q

What structure contains chromosomes and regulates DNA of a cell?

A

Nucleus

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57
Q

What is the nucleus responsible for?

A

Passing on genetic traits between generations

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58
Q

What does the nucleus contain?

A

A nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, nuclear pores, chromatin, and ribosomes

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59
Q

What are highly condensed threadlike rods of DNA?

A

Chromosomes

60
Q

What does DNA store?

A

Genetic information about plants and animals

61
Q

What consist of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes?

A

Chromatin

62
Q

What structure is contained within nucleus that consists of protein?

A

Nucleolus

63
Q

What is the nucleolus involved in?

A

Protein synthesis, synthesizes and store RNA

64
Q

What encloses the nucleus structure and membranes made of lipids?

A

Nuclear envelope

65
Q

What exchanges material between nucleus and cytoplasm?

A

Nuclear pores

66
Q

What is the liquid within nucleus and similar to cytoplasm?

A

Nucleoplasm

67
Q

Which tissue where cells joined together tightly?

A

Epithelial

68
Q

Which tissue is dense, loose, or fatty protects, binds body parts includes cartilage, tendon?

A

Connective

69
Q

Which tissue cushions, provide structural support for body parts, jelly base and fibrous?

A

Cartilage

70
Q

Which tissue transports oxygen to cells, removes waste, carries hormones, and defend against disease?

A

Blood

71
Q

Which hard tissue support and protects softer tissues, organ, and its marrow produces rbc?

A

Bone

72
Q

Which three muscle types help support and move the body?

A

Muscle

73
Q

Which tissue sends signals to muscles and glands to trigger response?

A

Nervous

74
Q

Where is nervous tissue located?

A

In brain, spinal cord, and nerves

75
Q

What are the 11 major organ systems?

A

Skin, respiratory, cardio, endocrine, nervous, immune, digestive, excretory, muscular, skeletal, reproductive

76
Q

Nearer to the midline of body?

A

Medial

77
Q

Further away from the body?

A

Lateral

78
Q

Closer to center of the body?

A

Proximal

79
Q

Further away from center of the body?

A

Distal

80
Q

In front of body?

A

Anterior

81
Q

Behind the body?

A

Posterior

82
Q

Adverb means towards the head?

A

Cephalad/ Cephalic

83
Q

Adjective means the skull?

A

Cranial

84
Q

Adverb means toward the tail or posterior?

A

Caudad

85
Q

Adjective means of the hindquarters?

A

Caudal

86
Q

Above or closer to the head?

A

Superior

87
Q

Below or closer to the feet?

A

Inferior

88
Q

Divided body into superior and infer halves?

A

Transverse/ Horizontal plane

89
Q

Divides body vertically into right and left section, runs parallel to midline of body?

A

Sagittal plane

90
Q

Divides body vertically into anterior and posterior section?

A

Coronal plane

91
Q

What is the cell membrane also referred to as?

A

Plasma membrane

92
Q

What is the thin semi permeable membrane of lipids and proteins?

A

Cell membrane

93
Q

What does the cell membrane consist of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic ends and hydrophobic ends

94
Q

The cell membrane isolates the cell from?

A

It’s external environment

95
Q

While isolating the cell membrane enables the cell to communicate with?

A

Outside environment

96
Q

What does cholesterol add to the cell membrane?

A

Stiffness and flexibility

97
Q

What do glycolipids help the cell membrane with?

A

To recognize other cells of other organisms

98
Q

What do proteins give the cell membrane?

A

Its shape

99
Q

What do special proteins do for the cell membrane?

A

Help cell communicate with its external environment

100
Q

What do other proteins do for the cell membrane?

A

Transport molecules across the cell membrane

101
Q

The cell membrane has selective permeability regarding the?

A

Size, charge, and solubility

102
Q

Selective permeability only allows what to diffuse through?

A

Small molecules

103
Q

What type of molecules are small and can pass through the cell membrane?

A

Oxygen and water

104
Q

What tells you whether a cell will attract or repel ions?

A

The cell’s surface charge of ions

105
Q

What ion charge is repelled?

A

Positive

106
Q

What ion charge is attracted to cell surfaces?

A

Negative

107
Q

Molecules soluble in ______ can pass through cell membrane?

A

Phospholipids

108
Q

Molecules that can’t diffuse through, must be moved through by?

A

Active transport and vesicles

109
Q

What refers to the process of cell reproducing?

A

Cell cycle

110
Q

What does cell reproducing involve?

A

Cell growth, duplication of genetic material, and cell division

111
Q

Why do complex organisms with lots of cells use cell cycles?

A

To replace cells as they lose function and wear out

112
Q

What cells are constantly reproducing?

A

Human skin cells

113
Q

What cells take 24 hours for the entire cell cycle?

A

Animal cells

114
Q

What happens to neurons when they mature?

A

They don’t grow or divide

115
Q

What are two ways that cells reproduce?

A

By meiosis and mitosis

116
Q

Process where cells replicate, daughter cell is exact replica of parent cell?

A

Mitosis

117
Q

Process where cells divide, daughter cell have different genetic coding than parent cell?

A

Meiosis

118
Q

Meiosis can only happen in specialized reproductive cells called?

A

Gametes

119
Q

What process help determine the cell type for each cell?

A

Differentiation

120
Q

Phase prepares cell for division by replicating its genetic and cytoplasmic material?

A

Interphase

121
Q

Chromatin thickens in chromosomes, nuclear membrane disintegrates. Centriole pairs move to opposite side, spindle fiber forms. Mitotic spindle form cytoskeleton parts, moves chromosomes around cell?

A

Prophase

122
Q

Spindle moves center of cell. Chromosome pairs align along center of spindle structure?

A

Metaphase

123
Q

Chromosomes pull apart and bend, grooves appear in cell membrane?

A

Anaphase

124
Q

When chromosomes sisters are separated, pulled apart what are they called?

A

Daughter chromosomes

125
Q

Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reform, chromosomes revert to chromatin?

A

Telophase

126
Q

In telophase, the animal cells membrane is?

A

Pinched

127
Q

In telophase, plant cells begin to form what?

A

A new cell wall

128
Q

Physical splitting of cell into two cells, can occur after telophase or anaphase?

A

Cytokinesis

129
Q

Meiosis has the same phases but they happen?

A

Twice

130
Q

Interphase (I), prophase (I), metaphase (I), anaphase (I), telophase (I), and cytokinesis (I) are the?

A

First phase of meiosis

131
Q

Prophase (II), metaphase (II), anaphase (II), telophase (II), and cytokinesis (II) are the?

A

Second phase of meiosis

132
Q

What happens during the first phase of meiosis?

A

Chromosomes cross over, genetic material is exchanged, and tetrads of four chromatids are formed

133
Q

Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and travel to?

A

Different poles

134
Q

One cell division resulting in two cells hence why?

A

There are two phases of meiosis

135
Q

The second cell division results in how many daughter cells?

A

Four daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes

136
Q

Daughter cells are haploid, meaning?

A

Contain half the genetic material of parent cell

137
Q

What does meiosis encourage?

A

Genetic diversity

138
Q

Differentiation is the process that helps?

A

Determine the cell type for each cell

139
Q

A less specialized cell becomes a…?

A

More specialized cell

140
Q

Cell differentiation is controlled by genes of each cell among a growth of cells known as?

A

Zygote

141
Q

When a cell builds certain proteins that sets it apart as a specific type of cell it follows?

A

Gene directions

142
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

An early phase in embryonic development of most animals

143
Q

How are cells organized into three primary germ layers during gastrulation?

A

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

144
Q

What do the cells in this germ layers differentiate into?

A

Special tissues and organs

145
Q

Nervous system develops from the germ layer?

A

Ectoderm

146
Q

Muscular system develops from the germ layer?

A

Mesoderm

147
Q

Digestive system develops from the germ layer?

A

Endoderm

Hesi Prep (6 decks)

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