A+P Flashcards
(19 cards)
Main agonist when flexion occurs at shoulder
anterior deltoid
What is a direct product of beta oxidation?
acetyl CoA
Identify two characteristics of fast twitch glycolytic muscle fibres (type IIx). explain them
Large muscle fibre diameter
High PC stores - increased energy source for ATP production via the ATP-PC system
High glycogen stores - increased energy source for ATP production via the lactate anaerobic
system
Define tidal volume
volume of air breathed in or out per breath
Explain how and why a period of continuous exercise would impact the lung volumes
(Tidal volume)
increase as performer needs more oxygen to working muscles
(Expiratory reserve volume)
decreases due to increase in tidal volume
(Residual volume)
stay the same as if decreased the lungs would be at risk of collapse/not
affected by continuous exercise
(Inspiratory reserve volume)
lower
Explain the role of the atrioventricular node in the cardiac conduction system
Receives impulse from sinoatrial node/SAN
Delays (transmission of) impulse
To allow ventricular filling/enable the atria to fully contract
Sends impulse down septum/through bundle of His/to purkinje fibres
Training can increase an athlete’s maximum A-VO2 diff.
Analyse how the body systems adapt to allow this.
Increased oxygen content in arterial blood due to more red blood cells
Increased gas exchange at the muscle due to increased capillarisation
Increased gas exchange at the muscle due to more myoglobin which has a greater affinity for oxygen
than haemoglobin so pulls more oxygen into muscle
What is HIIT training?
Alternating periods of short intense anaerobic exercise with less intense recovery periods.
The work interval should be anaerobic, and the recovery interval should be aerobic.
HIIT improves anaerobic power.
What are the structural characteristics of type I (slow twitch) and type IIx (fast glycolytic)
muscle fibre types
Type I (slow twitch)
Size of motor neuron: Small
Number of mitochondria: High
Capillary density: High
Myoglobin content: High
ATPase levels: Low
Type IIx (fast glycolytic)
Size of motor neuron: Large
Number of mitochondria: Low
Capillary density: Low
Myoglobin content: Low
ATPase levels: High
Describe the role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in the
regulation of heart rate.
Medulla/cardiac control centre sends impulse to the Sino-atrial node
Sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate.
Sympathetic impulses travel down the accelerator nerve
Parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate.
Parasympathetic nervous systems travel down the vagus nerve.
Analyse the role of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) during the
match and its impact on the performance of the boxer as the rounds progress
EPOC will occur during breaks to repay oxygen debt
(Fast/alactic component)
Some ATP/PC will be resythesised allowing the boxer to perform
explosively/anaerobically
(Slow/lactic component) Not enough time/oxygen to remove lactic acid so it will build up causing
fatigue
What is altitude training?
Involves working above 1500 m/5000 feet.
Results in a natural increase in levels of EPO/red blood cells.
This improves the aerobic energy system.
Name and describe 3 key processes involved in aerobic system using glucose
Glycolysis - glucose broken down into pyruvate
Krebs cycle - oxidation of acetyl CoA
Electron transport chain - hydrogen in oxidised
What are the long-term effects of smoking regularly on the structures of a runner’s
respiratory system.
Carbon monoxide binds to haemoglobin in the lungs rather than oxygen
Constricts the bronchioles
Damaged cilia
Reduction in number/damaged alveoli
Describe how heart disease can result in a heart attack.
build-up of plaque in coronary arteries
Causes blockage
Limiting the supply of oxygen to the heart
Outline two ways an active lifestyle can reduce the risk of heart disease
Decrease in cholesterol
Lower blood pressure
Describe spatial summation
The addition of impulses received at different places on the neuron
Describe how an increase in carbon dioxide in the blood during exercise would lead to
an increased breathing rate
Increased blood acidity
Detected by chemoreceptors
Impulse sent to the respiratory centre
Increased impulses to respiratory muscles to contract faster
Analyse how cardiovascular drift may result in lower levels of performance
Athletes sweat reducing the plasma volume of blood
Blood becomes more viscous
Due to Starling’s law stroke volume decreases
As stroke volume decreases heart rate increases to maintain cardiac output
