Skill Acquisition Flashcards
(16 cards)
Explain how selective attention would allow a rugby player to catch ball during input stage of information processing model
help player focus on important information from display i.e. flight of ball in order to catch
filtering out irrelevant information such as crowd noise and oncoming opposition
allow athlete to concentrate and recall skill from working memory quickly
Suggest three ways on athlete can improve their response time
Regular practice to improve anticipation: anticipate what going to happen before happen
improve selective attention so only relevant information attended to
increase fitness levels
mental rehearsal to focus only on task
Outline what simple and choice reaction time are and explain how they affect response time and movement time
simple = time taken to react to single stimulus e.g. starters gun
choice = time taken to react to one stimulus when multiple stimuli present e.g. pass or shoot
movement time unaffected by No. stimuli
response time increases as reaction time increases as more stimuli present
Evaluate ‘knowledge of performance’ and ‘knowledge of results’ as feedback to improve performance during match
(3-0 down)
KoP: how well athlete performed and gives reasons why, focuses on techniques, strategies, tactics
- coach explain why losing in relation to this e.g. attacking too much leaving gaps in deffence
- positive and negative
- most valuable for novice as less intrinsic feedback
KoR: objective outcome of a performance. usually used in break (half-time) or end of match
- aims to use score as motivation to improve performance
- valuable for experienced athletes (don’t require KoP)
doesn’t provide explanation so may not know how to improve
What factors affect response time?
response time = total time takes from onset of stimulus to completion of task
Hick’s law suggest increase in stimuli increases reaction time and thus time to prepare and respond to stimuli
single channel hypothesis suggests only one one stimuli processed at time
If second stimulus present before first processed, delay called psychological refractory period, increasing response time
Anticipation reduces response time as know when going to happen (temporal anticipation) and where going to happen (spatial anticipation)
What is a recall schema?
occurs before skill and is recognition of initial conditions and response specifications
adapt behaviour based on conditions
e.g. decision to pass ball with lot of power as result of positioning of teammate
Explain how a coach would use KoP and KoR to improve performance
KoP: video analysis of technique
KoR: statistics from match
Explain two characteristics of the visuospatial sketchpad in the working memory
stores visual information of what is being seen such as form and colour as well as spatial movement information (speed and movement of ball)
stores spatial information regarding where sporting actions are (position on court compared to position of opposition)
What is the schema theory?
motor programmes stored as generalised movements that can be adapted to respond to different situations and has two main forms - recall and recognition
What is recognition schema?
takes place during or after skill and includes sensory consequences (how skill felt) and response outcomes (how successful skill was)
How can schema improve performance?
open training sessions build up past experiences which can improve ability to respond appropriately to response specifications
selective attention can improve ability to detect initial conditions
What is Whitings information processing model?
receive info from display
sensory organs process info
perceptual mechanism applies selective attention and ensures relevant info retained
translator mechanism involves decision-making process: info compared to past experiences, in order to aid decision making
effector mechanism, via motor neurones, causes message for movement to be passed from brain to muscles (muscles stimulated to begin movement)
muscular system physically responds
How can info processing be improved?
chunking
but difficult to break down open and continuous skills
chaining
more challenging to do with continuous skill
improve selective attention: reduce impact of distractions
but difficult to replicate same environment
What is chunking?
break skill down into individual elements until its stored in LTM, so each individual element is easier to recall
What is chaining?
to develop serial skills, info practiced as sequence
