A&P 2 Exam 1 Flashcards
(40 cards)
What is blood?
A liquid connective tissue that is composed of plasma and formed elements.
Blood is also a colloid because of how much is mixed into the substance.
What is plasma?
92% water.
7% plasma proteins.
1% dissolved ions or molecules.
What are the functions of blood?
Transportation, Regulation, and Protection.
What role does transportation play? What are the plasma proteins and their functions?
Transports key elements and essential substances throughout the body.
Albumins (58%) - act as transport proteins for lipids and hormones and exerts the greatest osmotic pressure.
Globulins (37%) - transports water insoluble molecules and hormones.
Fibrinogen (4) - contributes to coagulation. Polymerized into insoluble fibrin strands
Reg. Proteins (1%) - includes enzymes and hormones.
What is fluid exchanged between?
Interstitial fluid and blood.
What is the rough blood percentage in the human body?
8%
What does blood consist of?
55% plasma.
45% formed elements.
What is a “buffy coat” in centrifuged blood?
WBC’s and Platelets.
Plasma consists of…
92% water.
8% formed elements and nutrients.
What is an hematocrit? What is the clinical definition for hematocrit levels?
Percentage of total blood volume, or whole blood, of RBC’s.
% of erythrocytes (RBC’S)
Why do adult males possess higher hematocrit levels? What are the percentages? What is the difference between anemia and polycythemia?
Testosterone that stimulates erythropoietin.
Adult males = 42-56%
Adult females = 38-46%
Anemia indicates a significant drop in hematocrit levels.
Polycythemia indicates an abnormally high percentage of hematocrit levels.
What is hemopoiesis? What do hemocytoblasts give rise to? Where is erythropoietin produced? Where is thrombopoietin produced? What do cytokines do?
Production of formed elements.
Hemocytoblasts give rise to a pluripotent stem cell that produces the myeloid and lymphoid stem lines.
The myeloid stem cells give rise to RBC’s, platelets, and WBC’s, except for lymphocytes.
Lymphoid stem cells give rise to lymphocytes.
EPO is produced in the kidneys, slightly in liver, and increases the number of RBC precursors. It is also stimulated by testosterone.
Thrombopoietin is produced by the liver and stimulates the production of platelets from MEGAKARYOCYTES.
Cytokines stimulate WBC formation.
What is the shape of RBC’s? What do they contain? What is PCV? What does the hemoglobin contain and why does it relate to RBC’s?
Biconcave discs.
An oxygen-carrying protein called hemoglobin.
Packed cell volume.
Hemoglobin contains oxygen AND CO2. Contains a four globin that is bound with CO2.
Contains a protein called HEME, which is converted to Macrophages and green pigment, then converted to biliverdin that possesses a yellow pigment, and finally bilirubin that shortly becomes bile or waste product, which is stored in the gallbladder and processed in the liver.
It relates to RBC’s because they contain hemoglobin and without the nucleus, this allows for RBC’s to squeeze tight into areas with little-to-no room.
What is the life cycle of RBC’s? What destroys them? What is transferrin and what is its function? What is urobilinogen, urobilin, and sterocoblin? What is erythropoiesis and how does it connect to this?
Max span of 120 days.
Macrophages + wear and tear throughout the capillaries.
Ia destroyed in the spleen and liver.
Transferrin is associated with the iron in the heme portion.
It carries this product to the red bone marrow and used for hemoglobin synthesis.
Urobilinogen is produced from bilirubin in the large intestine and is absorbed back into the blood.
Urobilin is converted from urobilinogen and excreted in the urine.
Stercoblin is the process of fully eliminating urobilinogen.
Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC formation, which also occurs in red bone marrow.
Erythropoiesis is connected by knowing the beginning process of RBC’s, to the understanding of how they are fully processed as time passes.
What is a proerythroblast? What is a reticulocyte? What is hypoxia? What are agglutinogens and agglutinins?
A proeythroblast is the process of dividing the RBC’s several times.
A reticulocyte is formed from this and enters the bloodstream. They develop into erythrocytes in a couple days after leaving the red bone marrow.
Hypoxia is the stimulus of erythropoiesis. Hypoxia is stimulates the kidneys to produce EPO.
-ogens = antigens.
-nins = antibodies.
What is in the main function of protection? What are the 5 leukocyte types and two classes? Where are most leukocytes located? What is emigration? What is chemotaxis? What are some WBC’s active in?
WBC’s (leukocytes) that combat inflammation and infection. possess a nucleus, but not hemoglobin
Granular - neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
Agranular - lymphocytes and monocytes.
Some in blood stream, but mostly in tissue.
Emigration is the concept of WBC’s leaving the blood stream.
Chemotaxis is the process of chemical attraction of WBC’s to a diseased or injured site.
Phagocytosis.
What are PMN’s and what are they based off? What are the most numerous leukocytes? Which is Bilobed? Which is C-shaped? Where do B and T cells reside and what are their function?
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and they are based off the straining of granules.
Neutrophils.
Eosinophils.
Monocytes.
Lymphocytes.
T-cells attack infected body cells and are responsible for the rejection of transplanted organs.
B-cells are effective in destroying bacteria and inactivating their toxins. Also, they are responsible for allergy and transfusion reactions.
Difference between leukocytosis and leukopenia? What is the function of a platelet? What are megakaryoblasts and -cytes? What is hemostasis and its summarized process? What is prostacyclin?
Lcytosis refers to increased WBC’s.
Lpenia refers to decreased WBC’s.
- reduced blood loss from damaged vessels.
- no nucleus.
-life span is 5-9 days.
Megakaryoblasts are developed from myeloid stem cells and transform into megakaryocytes.
-Cytes fragment and are turned into thrombocytes.
Hemostasis is the sequence of events that stop bleeding from a damaged vessel.
-Vascular spasm that involves smooth muscle contracting to reduce blood loss.
-Platelet plug formation that involves the clumping of platelets.
-Blood clotting that consist of a network of insoluble fibers working together to clot the area. (insoluble fibrin)
Prostacylin is the coat of smooth, endothelial tissue.
What are the three cascade of reactions from coagulation? What is prothrombinase? What is thrombosis and embolus? What is hemophilia, thrombocytopenia, and hypercoagulation?
-Formation of prothrombinase.
-Conversion of prothrombin into thrombin.
-Conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin.
Prothrombinase is responsible for the conversion of prothrombin and thrombin.
Thrombosis is clotting in an unbroken blood vessel.
Embolus is a sudden blockage in the artery by debris or bubbles of air.
Hemophilia are bleeding disorders.
Thrombocytopenia is platelet deficiency.
Hypercoagulation is an increased tendency to clot and can lead to thrombus or a pulmonary embolism.
Where is the heart located? What is the base and apex of the heart? How large is the heart?
In the mediastinum; between the lungs; in the thoracic cavity.
The base is a wide, superior portion of the heart where large blood vessels attach.
The apex is the tapered inferior end of the heart and it tilts to the left side of the human body.
The heart is generally the size of a fist. 2/3 of the heart’s mass is to the left of the midline.
What is the pericardium? Location? What is included in the pericardium?
Double-walled sac that encloses the heart.
Anchored to the diaphragm inferiorly and to the sternum anteriorly.
- Fibrous pericardium is the outer wall that is not attached to the heart.
- Serous pericardium has two layers, which are the parietal layer and visceral layer (epicardium).
- Parietal layer lines the fibrous pericardium and the visceral layer is the cover for the heart’s surface.
-Pericardial cavity is the space between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium and is filled with 5-30 mL of pericardial fluid. - Pericardial fluid (serous fluid) allows the heart to move without friction and is secreted in the pericardial cavity.
-Pericarditis is described as painful inflammation of the membranes.
What is the epicardium? Endocardium? Myocardium? What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart?
-Epicardium (external layer) is the visceral layer of the serous pericardium and consists of adipose tissue and coronary blood vessels. Gives the heart a smooth texture.
-Endocardium (inner layer) is the smooth inner lining of the heart and blood vessels; covers the valve surfaces in endothelial tissue.
- Myocardium (middle layer) is the layer of cardiac muscle and possesses muscle spirals around the heart that produce a wringing motion. Possesses intercalated discs and branching fibers that are involuntarily moving.
- Fibrous skeleton is the framework for collagenous and elastic fibers; provides the structural support; home to the electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.
What are the four chambers? Which is superior and/or inferior? What is/are the sulci of the heart? What do they contain?
- R atrium
- R ventricle
- L atrium
-L ventricle
Atria are the superior portion and the ventricles are inferior.
Grooves on the outside of the heart that contain coronary blood vessels and adipose.
-Coronary sulcus is the “crown” between the atria and ventricles.
-Anterior/Posterior interventricular sulci between the ventricles.
Which chambers carry deoxygenated blood? Oxygenated? How does blood enter the right atrium? What is the interatrial septum and what was previously in this area?
-RA and RV carry deoxygenated.
-LA and LV carry oxygenated.
Through the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus, and fossa ovalis.
-Interatrial septum divides the right and left atria and consists of the fossa ovalis.
-Previously consisted of the foramen ovale.
