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A&P Flashcards

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1
Q

Deep (common) peroneal nerve innervates:

A

Front & Lateral Lower Leg

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2
Q

Superficial Peroneal nerve innervates:

A

Fibualris longus & Brevis (and skin)

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3
Q

THe vitamin that aids in Ca+ absorption?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

Vitamin that AIDS in Iron absorption?

A

Vitamin C

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5
Q

Vitamin deficiency associated with Anemia?

A

Vitamin B12

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6
Q

What part is the mm structure is Ca+ stored?

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscles?

A

Striated, Voluntary

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8
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglion (paravertebral gg) are located:

A

Bilaterally from base of skull to coccyx innervating organs

Head, neck, shoulders, and heart

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9
Q

THe parasympathetic Ganglion in the cervical spine:

A

Synapse with terminal gg that are located within the walls of the visceral organs

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10
Q

Pascinian Corpuscles:

A

FAST
Encapsulated
Pressure + vibration

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11
Q

Meissner Corpuscle

A 
Fast
Touch receptors
Encapsulated
In dermal papillae of hairless skin
Fine touch, pressure, slow vibration
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12
Q

Hair Root Plexus

A

FAST
Free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles
Detects crude touch & mvmt in skin

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13
Q

Merkel Discs

Type 1

A

Slow
Free nerve ending found in stratum basal
Fine touch + pressure

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14
Q

Riffing Corpuscle

Type 2

A

Slow
In Deep Dermis
MC in hands and feet but also in ligaments and tendons
Crude touch, stretching of skin, mvmt of digits

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15
Q

Free Nerve endings sense:

A

Pain, itch, tickle, temp

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16
Q

What are the 3 levels of the bodies protection?

A

1 - skin

2 - immune response

3 - medical intervention

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17
Q

What mms are innervates by the Trigeminal nerve?

CN V

A

Digastric mms

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18
Q

Thyroid hormone:

A

Regulates metabolic rate

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19
Q

What is true about hormones?

A

They are lipid base structures (Eicosanoids)

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20
Q

Where does dynamic equilibrium occur?

A

Semicircular canal (ear)

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21
Q

What wraps around muscle?

A

Epimysium

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22
Q

What does strenuous exercise cause?

A

Cell damage

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23
Q

Please the structure of the brain superior to inferior:

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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24
Q

What is true about pregnancy?

A

Tidal volume increases 30 %

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25
What prevents blood from coming back to the Pulmonary Trunk?
Pulmonary Semi Lunar Valve
26
What affects Venous return?
- Musculoskeletal pump - BP - Vena Cava Compression - Respiratory Pump
27
A Red Blood Cell Does Not Use the Oxygen it carries because:
They have no Nucleus & no Mitchondria Generate ATP ANAEROBILCALLY
28
Where does the Krebs Cylcle take place?
Mitochondrial matrix
29
What nerves innervate the tongue for speech and swallowing?
Hypoglossal | CN XII
30
What proteins carries O2 and CO2 in the mm cell?
Hemoglobin
31
Function of Acetylcholinesterase at Synaptic cleft:
To break down Acetylcholine (ACh) Terminate neuroransmisson Reset Synapse
32
What's the function of Goblets cells in the body?
Secretion of Mucins (main component of mucus)
33
Which type of tissue dosen't have epithelium?
Muscle Teeth Bone
34
What's the function of Synovial Fluid?
Reduction of friction between Articular Cartilage
35
Function of Bone Tissue:
Osteoclasts - Bone Resorption (deconstruct bone) Osteoblasts - Bone formation Osteocytes - Mechanoreceptors & orchestrate bone remodelling
36
Erythema:
Redness of skin or mucous membranes caused by Hyperemia in superficial capillaries
37
What type of cell produces Antibodies?
"B" lymphocytes
38
A person with black skin has more:
Melanin
39
Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia (paravertebral ganglia):
Fight or Flight Long chains on either side of spinal cord; Lat. and Vent
40
General Stress Adaptation is regulated by what?
Activated by Hypothalamus Decreased by Parasympathetic branch of ANS
41
WHat's the most common secondary effect of Hyperthyroidism?
``` "Grave's Disease" causes hyperthyroidism Fatigue/ mm weakness Hand tremors Mood swings Nervousness ```
42
What causes Goiter?
Iodine deficiency Thyroid Can be used by Grave's Disease also
43
What two important hormones are produced by the kidneys?
Erythropoietin - acts on bone marrow to produce red blood cells (Prox convoluted tubule & peritubular capillary) Calcitriol - Regulates Ca+ in combo with PTH to increase digestion of Ca+ from GI tract into blood
44
What causes S1, AV valves closing?
S1 caused by closing of the Mitral + Tricupid Valves at start of Systole
45
Where does the bronchial tree begin?
Trachea - divides into 2 tubes @ Hilum into Main Bronchi
46
Causes of Pneumoconiosis:
"Black Lung" | Miner dust, Asbestos, Silica, coal dust
47
Cause of Primary Cirrhosis:
Autoimmune Disease Chronic Inflam that damages bile ducts Leads to build up of toxic wastes in liver
48
Damage to the Temporal Lobe:
``` 1 - Disturbance to Auditory sensation 2- Disturbance of Visual Perception 3- Impaired orientation/impaired categorization of verbal material 4 -Impaired long term memory 5 -Disturbed language comprehension ```
49
Intersegmental Flexor reflex:
Synapses in more than one segment of spinal cord Biceps FLX reflex --> sensory --> interneuron --> motor (hot stove!)
50
What is the consequence of Cystic Fibrosis?
Decreases body's ability to transfer H2O and NaCl- to and from cells that produce sweat, mucus, digestive enzymes =makes them thick and sticky =clogs up organs, lungs, pancreas, liver + gall bladder +intestines :(
51
Lupus
Marked by Inflam of skin Butterfly rash on face Autoimmune Swelling of joints, poor posture, RA
52
What's the role of Progesterone during pregnancy?
Maintains endometrium & stimulates glands to secrete nutrients to nourish embryo Stimulates growth of breast tissue/milk production hormones
53
What is stroke Volume?
= Amoutn of blood ejected by Left Ventricle in one contraction
54
Eccrine Glads:
Sweat Glands Found in virtually all skin
55
Apocrine Glands:
Secretory product gather at free end of cell and are "pinched off" along with some of the cytoplasm = secretion Ex "mammal glands secreting breaths milk"
56
Why aren't we aware of blood pressure changes?
BP. Is controlled by ANS via Glossopharyngeal Nerve and Vagus N via baroreceptors around corridor arteries
57
Lymphatic system drains into external jugular vein?
Posterolateral nodes of superficial cervical lymph nodes | --> collect lymph from superficial surface of neck
58
What tripper Testes to produce Testosterone?
Hypothalamus Signals --> Ant Pituitary releases --> LH-->Testes --> Testosterone
59
Development of the Brain 3 - 4 weeks in Embryo
Prosencephalon Mesencephalon Rhombocephalon
60
Development of Brain 5 weeks in embryo
Tele -- Cerebrum---> Lat vent Pro 3rd vent Hypo Epi Mesen - midbrain ----> Aqueduct Pons Meten upper 4th vent Rhomben lower 4th vent
61
Major part of the brain
``` Brain stem Cerebellum Diencephalon Hypothalamus Cerebrum ```
62
Brain stem is a continuation of the spinal cord and consists of:
Medulla oblungata | Pons (bridges) and midbrain
63
Cerebellum:
2nd largest part of the brain
64
Diencephalon
Gives rise to thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
65
Cerebrum
Largest part of the brain
66
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Clear fluid circulates through ventricals of the central canal Subarachnoid space Absorbs shock/ protects brain Transepts nutrients/waste from blood + nervous tissue CSF carries chemicals from blood to Neuron
67
Lateral ventricals
Cerebral hemispheres
68
Third ventricales
Diencephalon narrow cavity Alon midline Sup to hypothalamus + In btw R & L Halves of thalamus
69
Central aquaduct:
Midbrain
70
Fourth ventrical
Brain stem and cerebellum (base)
71
Formation and CSF in ventricales:
choroid plexus network of capillaries in vent walls Vent are lined with Ependymal cells Plasma is drawn from choroid plea through these cells into vent. To produce CSF
72
Common site for decussation of ascending + descending tracts
Medulla Oblongata
73
Center of Medulla Oblongata
Houses 5 pairs of cranial nerves 7-12
74
The Pons (bridge)
Contains nuclei Sensory + motor tracts Vestibular nuclei-equilibrium Pneumotaxic + apes tic areas in the respitory center which control breathing Responsible for 2* control of respiration
75
The Midbrain contains
- Ant paired bundles called pedunacles - Axons that conducts nerve impulses from motor area on cerebral cortex --> spinal cord, pons, & medulla - Sup follicular are part of the auditory pathway & exhibit the startle reflex - Contains CN 3-4
76
The Midbrain (mesencephalon)
Extends from the pons to the Diencephalon | Part of the ventrical found here - cerebral aquaduct
77
Cerebellum
- 2nd largest part of brain - balance, flocculonodular lobe on inf side contributes to equilibrium + balance - ant + post lobes control subconscious aspects of skeletal mvmt
78
Diencephalon
Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
79
The Thalamus
- Intermediate mass containing several nuclei | - major relay station for most sensory impulses
80
Hypothalamus
Inf to thalamus | - consists of mammillary body, Median eminence, infundibulum, + a number of nuclei
81
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Controls ANS - produces hormones - regs emotional/behavioural patterns - eating, drinking, body temp, circadian rythms - structural & functional relationship btw hypothalamus & pituitary
82
Epithalamus
``` Small region sup to thalamus that consists of Pineal gland Secretes Melatonin (sleep) ```
83
The Cerebrum
"Seat of intelligence" Houses Pre-Central Gyrus (primary motor area) Post-central Gyrus (primary somatosensory area)
84
Gyri
Folds of the brain
85
Sulci
Shallow grooves
86
How many lobes in the cerebellum?
4
87
Lobes of the Cerebrum:
Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital
88
Central Sulcus
Separates frontal and parietal lobes
89
Basal Ganglia
3 nuclei deep within each cerebral hemisphere make up basal gg - globes pallidus - Putamen - caudate nucleus
90
Putamen
Anticipates mvmt
91
Caudate nucleus
Prior to eye mvmt
92
The Limbic System
- Ring of structure on the inner border of the cerebrum & floor of Diencephalon - includes cingulate Gyrus, hippocampus, dent ate Gyrus, amygdala, mammillary bodies, thalamus, olfactory bulb
93
Emotional Brain
Governs emotional aspects of behaviour
94
Primary somatosensory area
Postcentral Gyrus
95
Primary Visual Area
Occipital Lobe
96
Primary Auditory Area
Temporal Lobe
97
Primary Olfactory Area
Temporal Lobe
98
Primary Gustatory
Base of the Postcentral gyrus
99
Function a organization of the Cerebral Cortex (motor areas)
Primary motor area is Postcentral Gyrus
100
Broca's Speech Area
Left Cerebral hemisphere
101
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex (association areas)
``` Somatosensory assoc Visual assoc area Auditory " Wernicke's " Prefrontal cortex Hemispheric lateralization Brain waves ```
102
Somatosensory Association Area
Post to Primary Somatosensory area
103
Visual Assoc Area
Occipital lobe
104
Primary Gustatory
Base of the Postcentral gyrus
105
Function a organization of the Cerebral Cortex (motor areas)
Primary motor area is Postcentral Gyrus
106
Broca's Speech Area
Left Cerebral hemisphere
107
Functional organization of the cerebral cortex (association areas)
``` Somatosensory assoc Visual assoc area Auditory " Wernicke's " Prefrontal cortex Hemispheric lateralization Brain waves ```
108
Somatosensory Association Area
Post to Primary Somatosensory area
109
Visual Assoc Area
Occipital lobe

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