A&P Chapter 2

Question 1

anything that takes up space and
has mass

Answer 1

Matter

Question 2

States of Matter

Answer 2

Solid
liquid
gas

Question 3

basic substances that make up
matter; 92 naturally occurring elements

Answer 3

Elements

Question 4

Four elements that make up >90% of
the human body

Answer 4

Carbon (C)
* Nitrogen (N)
* Oxygen (O)
* Hydrogen (H

Question 5

are the smallest units of an element
that have the chemical and physical properties
of that element.

Answer 5

Atoms

Question 6

the number of protons in
the nucleus
* Determines the identity of the element
* Whole, consecutive numbers on the
periodic table

Answer 6

Atomic Number

Question 7

the number of protons plus
the number of neutrons
* This number is NOT found on the
periodic table

Answer 7

Mass Number

Question 8

Measurement for the number of atoms or
molecules of a compound

Answer 8

Mole

Question 9

Avogadro’s Number

Answer 9

6.02X10^23

Question 10

variations of one type of atom that
differ in the number of neutrons; the number of
protons does not change

Answer 10

Isotopes

Question 11

Unstable isotopes that
break down over time
* Release detectable energy
* Low levels of radiation can be used as
tracers, for X-rays, mammograms
* High levels of radiation can be harmful to
cells, but can also be useful, such as for
cancer treatment and sterilizing medical
and dental equipment

Answer 11

Radioactive Isotopes

Question 12

form when atoms bond to each
other by covalent bonds

Answer 12

Molecules

Question 13

form when atoms of different
elements bond

Answer 13

Compounds

Question 14

form when positive and negative
ions attract each other

Answer 14

Ionic Bonds

Question 15

has lost
electrons; indicated by superscript
positive sign, as in Na or 2
Ca

Answer 15

Postive Ion(Cation)

Question 16

has gained
electrons; indicated by superscript
negative sign, as in Cl or 2
O

Answer 16

Negative Ions(Anions)

Question 17

create salts, which form ionic
lattices

Answer 17

Ionic Bonds

Question 18

are salts that are dissolved in
water

Answer 18

Electrolytes

Question 19

Are Created when atoms share electrons

Answer 19

Covalent Bonds

Question 20

atoms share one pair of
electrons; ex: H2, H-H

Answer 20

Single Bonds

Question 21

atoms share two pairs
of electrons; ex: O2, O=O

Answer 21

Double Bonds

Question 22

atoms share three pairs
of electrons between them; ex: N2, N≡N

Answer 22

Triple Bonds

Question 23

result when there
is an unequal sharing of electrons between
atoms

Answer 23

Polar covalent bonds

Question 24

Electrons spend more time closer to
one atom

Answer 24

Electronegative

Question 25

result from equal attraction for shared electrons

Answer 25

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 26

the most abundant molecule in living organisms; 60 to 70% of body weight

Answer 26

Water

Question 27

Do not contain carbon atoms

Answer 27

Inorganic molecules

Question 28

Do contain carbon

Answer 28

Organic Molecules

Question 29

Have negative and positive ends

Answer 29

Polar Molecules

Question 30

is a relatively weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom

Answer 30

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 31

a liquid into which particles are dissolved

Answer 31

Solvent

Question 32

water molecules cling together because of hydrogen bonding

Answer 32

Cohesion

Question 33

water molecules cling to other substances due to hydrogen bonds

Answer 33

Adhesion

Question 34

is the amount of energy needed to change an object’s temperature by 1 C

Answer 34

Specific Heat Capacity

Question 35

is the amount of energy needed to turn water into steam

Answer 35

Heat of Vaporization

Question 36

are substances that release hydrogen ions (H ) ; also called protons

Answer 36

Acids

Question 37

are substances that release hydroxide ions (OH ) or accept hydrogen ions (protons)

Answer 37

Bases

Question 38

is used to indicate the acidity and basicity (alkalinity) of a solution

Answer 38

pH Scale

Question 39

pH above 7 is a?

Answer 39

Base ( more hydroxide ions are released than hydrogen ions)

Question 40

pH above 7 is a?

Answer 40

Acid ( more hydrogen ions are released than hydroxide ions)

Question 41

What is normal pH of blood?

Answer 41

7.4

Question 42

– blood pH less than 7.35

Answer 42

Acidosis

Question 43

blood pH greater than 7.45

Answer 43

Alkalosis

Question 44

Which two systems work to maintain pH balance

Answer 44

Respiratory and urinary systems

Question 45

(chemicals that take up excess hydrogen or hydroxide ions) in body fluids prevent rapid, drastic pH changes

Answer 45

Buffers

Question 46

Substances that release ions when put into water * Called electrolytes because they can conduct electricity

Answer 46

Electrolytes

Question 47

Four categories of molecules are the building blocks of cells:

Answer 47

Carbohydrates * Lipids * Proteins * Nucleic acids

Question 48

Synthesis of macromolecules involves a

Answer 48

dehydration reaction

Question 49

Breakdown of macromolecules involves a

Answer 49

hydrolysis reaction

Question 50

contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Answer 50

Carbohydrates

Question 51

have a low number of carbon atoms (3 to 7)

Answer 51

Simple carbohydrates

Question 52

Monosaccharides or simple sugars

Answer 52

* Glucose – main carbohydrate building block * Fructose – found in fruits * Galactose – found in milk

Question 53

Disaccharides

Answer 53

Two monosaccharides joined together by dehydration reaction * Sucrose (table sugar) – glucose + fructose * Lactose (milk sugar) – glucose + galactose * Maltose (grain sugar) – glucose + glucose

Question 54

Found in plant cell walls * Humans are unable to digest (passes through digestive tract as fiber

Answer 54

Cellulose

Question 55

contain many glucose (monosaccharide) subunits

Answer 55

Polysaccharides

Question 56

– storage form of glucose in plants

Answer 56

Starch

Question 57

storage form of glucose in animals * After meals, the liver stores glucose as glycogen; in between meals, the liver breaks down glycogen into glucose

Answer 57

Glycogen

Question 58

*contain more energy per gram than other biological molecules * Some function as long-term energy storage in organisms * Do not dissolve in water * Consist mostly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; contain few oxygen atoms

Answer 58

Lipids

Question 59

Usually of animal origin * Solid at room temperature * Used for long-term energy storage, insulation, and cushioning

Answer 59

Fats

Question 60

* Usually of plant origin * Liquid at room temperature

Answer 60

Oils

Question 61

Fats and oils are also called

Answer 61

Triglycerides

Question 62

How is triglycerides formed?

Answer 62

* Formed when one glycerol molecule reacts with three fatty acid molecules

Question 63

are molecules with a polar and a nonpolar end that can surround fats so they can mix with water * Ex: soaps, detergents, bile

Answer 63

Emulsification

Question 64

a long carbon-hydrogen chain ending with an acidic group – COOH

Answer 64

Fatty acid

Question 65

have only single covalent bonds; ex: lard and butter

Answer 65

Saturated fatty acids

Question 66

have double bonds between carbon atoms wherever fewer than two hydrogens are bonded to a carbon atom; ex: vegetable oils

Answer 66

Unsaturated fatty acids

Question 67

Contain a phosphate group Have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails Form backbone of cellular membranes

Answer 67

Phospholipids

Question 68

structure consists of four fused carbon rings with attached functional groups

Answer 68

Steroid

Question 69

is a structural component of the animal cell membrane

Answer 69

Cholesterol

Question 70

What are the function for proteins?

Answer 70

* Fibrous structural proteins – ex: collagen and keratin * Hormones – chemical messengers * Muscle contraction – ex: actin and myosin * Transport – ex: hemoglobin * Protection – ex: antibodies * Enzymes catalyze, or speed up, chemical reactions

Question 71

What are proteins made from?

Answer 71

Amino Acids

Question 72

two amino acids joined together

Answer 72

Dipeptide

Question 73

three or more amino acids joined together; proteins are large polypeptides

Answer 73

Polypeptide

Question 74

sequence of amino acids

Answer 74

Primary structure

Question 75

due to hydrogen bonding that may occur in a polypeptide; forms coils and folds

Answer 75

Secondary structure

Question 76

results from bonding between R groups; extensive folding and twists

Answer 76

Tertiary structure

Question 77

exists if a protein is made up of more than one polypeptide

Answer 77

Quaternary structure

Question 78

* Irreversible change in the normal shape of a protein due to extremes in heat and pH * When a protein loses its shape, it becomes nonfunctional

Answer 78

Denaturation

Question 79

sum of all chemical reactions that occur in a cell

Answer 79

Metabolism

Question 80

protein catalysts that enable metabolic reactions at the body’s normal temperature * Lower the energy of activation needed to start a chemical reaction

Answer 80

Enzymes

Question 81

huge macromolecules composed of nucleotides

Answer 81

Nucleic acids

Question 82

Nucleotides composed of 3 subunit molecules:

Answer 82

* A phosphate * A pentose sugar * A nitrogen-containing base

Question 83

Two examples of nucleic acids

Answer 83

DNA RNA

Question 84

the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of an organism

Answer 84

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 85

What are the nitrogenous bases?

Answer 85

Adenine(A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C)

Question 86

Contains pentose sugar ribose * The nitrogen-containing base uracil (U) replaces thymine * Usually single-stranded Carries the instructions from DNA for making a protein

Answer 86

Ribonucleic acid

Question 87

* Primary energy currency of cells * Cells break down glucose and convert released energy into ATP and heat * Used when cellular reactions require energy * Breakdown of ATP results in one molecule of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and one molecule of inorganic phosphate * ATP is rebuilt by the addition of inorganic phosphate to ADP * One glucose molecule can build 36 to 40 ATP molecules

Answer 87

ATP