A&P Exam 1 (Chap 1-8) Flashcards

Question

Contractile and motor proteins

Answer 1

Func: Movement Ex: Motor proteins

Answer 2

Func: Support Ex: Keratins

Answer 3

Store, Transmit, and Help express hereditary informations

Answer 4

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group

Answer 5

all body cells except sex cells

Answer 6

Func: essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton (needed for cell reproduction)

Answer 7

Func: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and material Composition: Protein organized in fine filaments or slender tubes

Answer 8

Func: Isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; controls entry and exit of material Composition: lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

Answer 9

Func: increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials( expands surface area to gain more nutrients)

Answer 10

Func: acts as a sensor. Motile cilia move materials over cell surfaces Ex: in airway & lungs to wipe away mucous Composition: long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules. 2 types: primary and motile

Answer 11

Func: Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins (garbage disposal of damaged or broken protein) Composition: Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends

Answer 12

Func: Protein synthesis Composition: RNA+protiens; fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum; free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm

Answer 13

Func: Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzyme

Answer 14

Func: Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell

Answer 15

Func: Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport; detoxification of drugs or toxin Composition: Rough ER has ribosomes Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

Answer 16

Func: Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process (breaks down toxic compounds)

Answer 17

Func: Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens (degrade everything)

Answer 18

Func: Control of metabolism storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

Answer 19

refers to certain collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform specific functions

Answer 20

1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous

Answer 21

- Covers exposed surfaces - Lines internal passageways and chambers - Produces glandular secretions

Answer 22

- Fills internal spaces - Provides structural support - Store energy

Answer 23

- Contracts to produce movement

Answer 24

- Propagates electrical impulses - Carries information

Answer 25

1. Epithelia 2. Glands

Answer 26

layers of cells covering internal or external structure

Answer 27

Structures that are attached to or derived from epithelia produce fluid secretions

Answer 28

1. Provide physical protection 2. Control permeability 3. Provide sensation 4. Produce specialized secretions

Answer 29

1. Polarity (apical and basal/lateral surfaces) 2. Cellularity (cell junctions) 3. Attachment (basement membrane) 4. Avascularity (avascular) 5. Regeneration

Answer 30

1. Gap Junction 2. Tight Junction 3. Desmosome

Answer 31

- Formed by interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons) --> narrow passages - Allow small molecules and ions to pass --> rapid communication - Coordination contractions in heart muscle and smooth muscle

Answer 32

- Fusion of the cell membranes - Prevents the diffusion of fluids/solutes between cells

Answer 33

1. Hemidesmosome 2. Spot desmosome

Answer 34

Based on shape: 1. Squamous- thin & flat 2. Cubodial- squared shaped 3. Columnar- tall, slender rectangles Based on layers 1. Simple epithelium- single layer of cells 2. Stratified epithelium- several layers of cells

Answer 35

Func: Reduces frictions; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion Ex: Mesothelia lining pleural, alveoli of lungs

Answer 36

Func: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack Ex: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus

Answer 37

Func: Limited protection, secretion, absorption Ex: Glands; ducts; thyroid gland

Answer 38

Func: Permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage Ex: Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

Answer 39

Func: Protection, secretion, absorption Ex: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidney

Answer 40

Func: Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia Ex: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, & bronchi

Answer 41

1. Endocrine glands 2. Exocrine glands

Answer 42

Release hormones into bloodstream, No ducts

Answer 43

Produce exocrine secretions, Discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

Answer 44

1. Unicellular 2. Multicellular

Answer 45

are unicellular glands in epithelia of intestines and respiratory tract, secrete mucin, which mixes with water to form mucus

Answer 46

1. Structure of the ducts - Simple (undivided) - Compound (divided) 2. Shape of secretory portion of the gland - Tubular (tube shaped) - Alveolar or acinar (sack shaped/blind pockets)

Answer 47

1. Merocrine secretion 2. Apocrine secretion 3. Holocrine secretion

Answer 48

Released by secretory vesicle (exocytosis) ex: sweat & salivary glands

Answer 49

Released by shedding cytoplasm ex: mammary glands

Answer 50

Released by cell bursting, Gland cells are replaced by stem cells Ex: sebaceous glands

Answer 51

- a type of tissue with a diverse array of cells and other components - closely associated with epithelial tissue- connecting it to the rest of the body - Never exposed to the outside environment - Highly vascular - Contain sensory receptors

Answer 52

1. Connective tissue proper 2. Fluid connective tissues 3. Supportive connective tissues

Answer 53

Connect and protect Cells: Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells, Melanocytes, Macrophages, Mast cells, Lymphocytes, Microphages Protein fibers: Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers Ground substance: ...

Answer 54

Line or cover body surface, physical barriers Consist of an epithelium supported by connective tissue

Answer 55

1. Mucous membrane (Mucosa) 2. Serous membranes (Serosa) 3. Cutaneous membrane 4. Synovial membranes

Answer 56

Line passageways including digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts Func: to reduce friction, to facilitate absorption or secretion

Answer 57

Line internal cavities of the body that do not open to the outside - Parietal layer lines inner surface of cavity - Viseral layer covers the organs - Serous fluid between the 2 layers reduce friction

Answer 58

lines pleural cavities, covers lungs

Answer 59

lines pericardial cavity, cover heart

Answer 60

lines peritoneal cavity, covers abdominal organs

Answer 61

Skin that covers the outer surface of the body; Thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry

Answer 62

Line synovial joint cavities; synovial fluid produced for lubrication, lack a true epithelium

Answer 63

Func: for contraction

Answer 64

1 .Skeleton muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Smooth muscle

Answer 65

Def: large muscles responsible for body movement Composition: Striated voluntary muscle, muscle fibers (individual muscle cell is long, slender, having several hundred nuclei) Characteristics: do not divide, new fibers are produced by divisions of myosatellite cells (a type of stem cell) Func: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; gen heat; protects internal organs

Answer 66

Func: Circulates blood; maintains blood pressure Composition: Striated involuntary muscle, cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs Ex: Heart

Answer 67

Func: Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessel Composition: cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated (involuntary), with a single, central nucleus Ex: walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organ

Answer 68

- Specialized for conducting electrical impulses - Concentrated in the brain and spinal cord

Answer 69

1. Neurons 2. Neuroglia (supporting cells)

Answer 70

- Cell body: contains the nucleus and nucleolus - Dendrites: short branches extending from the body, receive incoming signals - Axon (nerve fiber): long, thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination

Answer 71

- Maintain physical structure of tissues - Repair tissue framework after injury - Perform phagocytosis - Provide nutrients to neurons - Regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons

Answer 72

- Mutliple layers of skin - Other accessory structures: Hair, Nails, Glands, Blood vessel, Muscles, Nerves - 4 types of tissues: Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Muscle, Nerves

Answer 73

Primary: Protection Additional: Regulation of body temp, Sensory perceptions, Synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol under sunlight exposure, Emotional expression (Facial Expression)

Answer 74

1. E[idermal layer 2. Dermis layer 3. Subcutaneous layer

Answer 75

- Stratified Squamous; Simple Cubodial or Simple Columnar

Answer 76

Protection, Skin color, Heat dissipation (by sweat evaporation), Basal/Stem cell for regen

Answer 77

- Dense irregular connective tissue, no epithelial tissue - Fibroblast and Collagen Fibers, Blood Vessels, Nerve endings, Glands, Hair Follicles, Blood sinuses

Answer 78

Protection, anchor hair/glands, wound healing (fibroblast), sensory papillae detecting heat, pressure, touch, etc

Answer 79

- Loose connective tissue: adipose and areolar CT - Fibroblast, Adipose tissue, Connective fibers, blood vessel

Answer 80

- Fat storage, cushion to minimize impact injury, insulation from cold, connecting integument to muscle layer and inner organ - Hydodermis

Answer 81

1. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium - 4 major types of cells: a. Keratinocytes b. Melanocytes c. Langerhans cells d. Merkel cells 2. Boundary of cuboidal or columnar epithelium (basal cell) a. simple columnar (thicker skin) b. simple cuboidal (thinner skin)

Answer 82

stem cells capable of dividing to replace she skin cells

Answer 83

makes 90% of the cells; produce keratin- a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

Answer 84

produce the pigment melanin that protects against ultraviolet radiation

Answer 85

are macrophages that originated in the bone marrow; involved in the immune responses

Answer 86

function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs (receptors)

Answer 87

Only present in thick skin

Answer 88

- Hairless - Palms, Soles, Fingertips

Answer 89

Contains melanocytes and Langerhans cells

Answer 90

Contains single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells

Answer 91

the process of transforming the viable cells generated in the stratum basale w/ more of the waxy keratin

Answer 92

Contains 2 regions: 1. A superficial papillary layer (loose connective tissue) 2. A deeper reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

Answer 93

Lines of cleavage or "tension lines" in the skin indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

Answer 94

function to produce collage to maintain the dermal layer and are particularly active during injury to repair the dermal layer of skin

Answer 95

Superficial portion of dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house capillaries, Meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings

Answer 96

Deeper portion of dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue w/ bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

Answer 97

- Epidermis resists damage and offers protection to underlying tissues - Dermis provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration, and is capable of healing - Subcutaneous tissues insulate, store fat, and anchor the skin

Answer 98

Superficially: Merkel discs, free endings (detect many stimuli), Meissner corpuscles, and hair follicle receptors Deep: Pancian corpuscles

Answer 99

Dermal blood vessels: - Constrict to minimize heat loss - Dilate to sweat

Answer 100

Compositon: Keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis (made up of mostly dead keratinized cells) Func: protects the body against the harmful effects of the sun and against heat loss, also helps with touch sensation

Answer 101

The shaft, follicle, root (penetrates into the dermis)

Answer 102

Connective Tissue at root plexus within dermal layer Smooth muscle at root plexus within dermal layer (arrector pili muscle)

Answer 103

Ducts merge with hair follicle to secrete oil to surface of skin for moisture

Answer 104

Nerves associated with touch

Answer 105

deepest structure, living cuboidal epithelial cells (origination point). Growth begins here and cells move up to the superficial regions

Answer 106

Languo- fine, nonpigamented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus Vellus hairs- short, fin, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye Terminal hairs- long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs (obvious hair)

Answer 107

secreted by sebaceous glands Func: prevents dehydration of hair and skin; inhibits growth of certain bacteria

Answer 108

Most common and cover most of the body Func: thermoregulation, emotional stress (ie cold sweat)

Answer 109

Ex: axilla, groin, bearded facial regions Func: secretes viscous sweat to decrease friction, occurs when person is aroused, body odor

Answer 110

Ex: Ear canal Func: produce waxy secretions (earwax), sticky barrier to prevent entry of foreign bodies into ear canal

Answer 111

- Composed of hard, keratinized DEAD epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes - Structures: Free edge, Nail body (plate), Nail root

Answer 112

1. Physical Barrier: Dense Tissue combined with keratin & hair 2. Chemical Barrier: Water, Acids, Oils 3. Immunological Barrier: White blood cells

Answer 113

1. Impermeable Keratin Layer 2. Bacterial Flora 3. Presence of Langerhans White Blood Cells in skin 4. Hair helps brush off pathogens

Answer 114

Melanin secreted from melanocytes to block UV rays

Answer 115

1. Sweat: Heat Protection 2. Adipose Tissue in Subcutaneous and Hair protects against cold

Answer 116

The "basal stratum" of the epidermis generate NEW keratinized squamous cells for repair (NO SCAR)

Answer 117

The "basal stratum" of the epidermis generate NEW keratinized squamous cells for repair (NO SCAR)

Answer 118

the study of the internal and external body structures; their physical relationships among other body parts

Answer 119

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

Answer 120

1. the structure-function relationship 2. The hierarchy of the human body 3. The goal to achieve homeostasis

Answer 121

1. Chemical Level 2. Cellular level 3. Tissue level 4. Organ Level 5. Organ system level 6. Organism level

Answer 122

1. Receptor 2. Control Center 3. Effector

Answer 123

a sensor that senses the alterations in the environment

Answer 124

processes the signal and sends instructions

Answer 125

a cell/tissue/organ that receives instructions and works to restore homeostasis

Answer 126

feedback forward to get a process going and operate within the optimal range

Answer 127

feedback inhibition to get a process going and operate within the optimal range

Answer 128

HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal) and HPT (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Organ)

Answer 129

Exterior features

Answer 130

Body areas

Answer 131

cross sections

Answer 132

organ systems

Answer 133

medical specialties

Answer 134

from conception to adulthood, including embryology

Answer 135

study of cells

Answer 136

study of tissue

Answer 137

objective observations

Answer 138

Subjective observations (ie only the patient can tell you)

Answer 139

On the same side of the body as another structure

Answer 140

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

Answer 141

(magnetic resonance imaging) generates images of internal organs

Answer 142

(positron emission tomography) visualizes and measures changes in metabolic processes

Answer 143

(computed tomography) imaging technique combining x-rays and computer technology to produce images of internal body

Answer 144

a single view along a 2 dimensional flat surface

Answer 145

anterior and posterior sections

Answer 146

left and right sections

Answer 147

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

Answer 148

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Answer 149

involves only the epidermis; It is characterized by mild pain and erythema (redness) but no blisters and skin functions remain intact.

Answer 150

destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis; superficial or deep; some skin functions are lost. Redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result.

Answer 151

is a full-thickness burn (destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer). Most skin functions are lost, and the region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed.

Answer 152

Involves FIBROBLASTS within the Dermal Layer (which secrete heavy collagen/scar formation) and epithelial “basal” cells (to restore epithelial tissue in the epidermal layer). Basal Cells are epithelial stem cells.

Answer 153

ALL “epithelial cells” and “fibroblasts” are gone so that NO healing can occur. Only Skin Grafts will repair.

Answer 154

Deep wound burns

Answer 155

occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer.

Answer 156

1- no clot formation 2- does not extend beyond the epidermal layer so no blood vessels are damaged 3- does not involve inflammation or recruitment of cells from blood vessels 4- basal (stem cells) divide to reform “stratum basale” 5- the basal cells of the “stratum basale” then differentiate to reform upper portion of epidermal layers

Answer 157

1- requires clot formation to minimize bleeding 2- laceration extends beyond the epidermal layer and blood vessels are damaged (capillaries) 3- involve inflammation or recruitment of cells from blood vessels: 1- platelets (clotting), 2-wbcs (fight infection), 3- fibroblast (tissue repair/scar formation) 4- scar formation: collagen secretion into wound from fibroblasts within the dermal layer to fill the vacancy.

Answer 158

the final product of wound healing. The provisional matrix is replaced by collage which is NOT fragile and will be permanent

Answer 159

secrete collagen resulting in a permanent Scar

Answer 160

is the initial and temporary scab to stop the bleeding BUT is too fragile to be permanent

Answer 161

help create scab

Answer 162

First - Provisional matrix (scab) formed (immediately limits bleeding and temporary protection against microorganisms) Second - Macrophages slowly chew away the provisional matrix so that it can be replaced with more permanent collagen. Third - As the provisional matrix is being chewed away, fibroblasts are secreting collagen to replace the provisional matrix with a more permanent “scar” that is ridged and better mimics what this skin was like before the injury.

Answer 163

the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize or connect the bones.

Answer 164

providing a framework for body parts (structural support), body posture (upright posture), and allowing for precise movements.

Answer 165

protection, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, and leverage.

Answer 166

1. Vertebral 2. Thoracic 3. Cranial 4. Pelvic

Answer 167

sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones, flat bones, long bones, and sesamoid bones.

Answer 168

compact bone and spongy bone

Answer 169

either red bone marrow (for blood cell formation) or yellow bone marrow (for lipid storage).

Answer 170

Parietal, Skull

Answer 171

1. Epiphysis 2. Metaphysis 3. Diaphysis

Answer 172

The expanded area at the end of each bone. 2 in one bone

Answer 173

An extended tubular shaft,

Answer 174

The narrow zone where diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis

Answer 175

dense bone, solid and dense, with solid matrix filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts

Answer 176

characterized by its spongy, porous, honeycomb-like structure

Answer 177

Connective tissue

Answer 178

It contains specialized cells and a matrix consisting of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance.

Answer 179

1. Shoulder 2. Upper Arm 3. Forearm 4. Hand

Answer 180

two S-shaped clavicles (collarbones) and two broad, flat scapulae (shoulder blades).

Answer 181

the sternal end of the clavicle

Answer 182

the acromial end of the clavicle

Answer 183

1. Upper arm (Humerus) 2. Forearm (Radius/Ulna) 3. Hand 3a. Carpal bones (wrist bones) 3b. Metacarpal bones (hand bones) 3c. Phalanges (fingers)

A&P Exam 1 (Chap 1-8) Flashcards

(215 cards)