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FINALS DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major organs of the digestive system

A

Oral Cavity, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

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2
Q

Small Intestine

A

Enzymatic digestive and absorption of water, organic substrates, vitamins, and ions

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3
Q

Large Intestine

A

Dehydration and compaction of indigestible material in preparation for elimination

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4
Q

Oral Cavity (Mouth)

A

Ingestion, Mechanical digestion

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5
Q

Pharynx

A

Muscular movement of material into esophogus

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6
Q

Esophagus

A

Transport material to the stomach

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7
Q

Stomach

A

Chemical digestion of materials by acid and enzymes

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8
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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9
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Secretion of lubricating fluid containing enzyme that break down carbohydrates

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10
Q

Liver

A

Secretion of bile, storage of nutrients, many other vital functions

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11
Q

Gallbladder

A

Storage and concentration of bile

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12
Q

Pancreas

A

Exocrine cells secrete buffers and digestive enzymes; endocrine cells secrete hormones

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13
Q

Teeth

A

Mechanical digestion by chewing

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14
Q

Tongue

A

Assists mechanical digestion with teeth

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15
Q

What are the layers of the digestive tract?

A
  1. Inner lining (mucosa)
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscular
  4. Serosa
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16
Q

Inner lining (muscosa)

A
  1. Mucosal Epithelium (mucous membrane)
  2. Lamina Propria
  3. Muscularis Muscosae
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17
Q

What does Lamina Propria contain?

A

Lamina propria is a layer of areolar tissue that contains blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells, and lymphatic tissue.

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18
Q

What is Muscularis Muscosae?

A

(deep to the lamina propria) is a narrow sheet of smooth muscle and elastic fibers.

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19
Q

What is Submucosa?

A

Submucosa is a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that binds the mucosa to the muscular layer.

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20
Q

What does Submucosa contain?

A

Submucosal neural plexus

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21
Q

What is Submucosal neural plexus?

A

Submucosal neural plexus is a network of intrinsic nerve fibers and scattered neurons.

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22
Q

Where is Submucosa nerual plexus located?

A

The submucosal plexus lies along the inner border of the muscularis externa (muscularis).

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23
Q

What does the Muscular layer of the Digestive tract contain?

A

Myenteric plexus

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24
Q

What is Serosa?

A

Serosa covers the muscularis externa along most portions of the digestive tract inside the peritoneal cavity

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25
How are digestive functions controlled? (3x)
1. Local Factors 2. Neural Control Mechanism 3. Hormonal Control Mechanism
26
What are the local factors that control digestive functions?
pH, volume or chemical composition
27
What are the neural control mechanisms that control digestive functions?
Sensory receptors in the wall, motor neuron control smooth muscle contraction.
28
What are the hormonal control mechanisms that control digestive functions?
Digestive hormones (produced by enteroendocrine cells) can enhance or diminish the sensitivity of the smooth muscle cells to neural commands
29
What are the 3 major pairs of salivary glands?
1. Parotid glands 2. Sublingual glands 3. Submandibular glands
30
What is Parotid glands?
The parotid glands produce a serous secretion containing large amounts of salivary amylase. This enzyme breaks down starches
31
What are Sublingual glands?
These glands produce mucus that acts as a buffer and lubricant.
32
What are Submandibular glands?
Submandibular glands secrete a mixture of buffers, glycoproteins called mucins, and salivary amylase.
33
What is the swallowing process (i.e., how food is passed along the digestive tract)?
1. Buccal phase 2. Pharyngeal phase 3. Esophageal phase 4. Bolus enters stomach
34
What is the buccal phase?
The buccal phase is a primary and voluntary phase. Pushes the food towards the back of the mouth
35
What is the Pharyngeal phase?
Breathing stops during the pharyngeal phase The uluva pushing back and prevents the food from entering the nasopharynx
36
What is the esophageal phase?
The esophageal phase pushes the bolus toward the stomach The food is forced into the esophogus
37
What are the structure/components of the stomach?
1. Cardia 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Rugae 5. Pyloric Part - Pyloric antrum - Pyloric canal - Pylorus - Pyloric orifice
38
What is Fundus?
Fundus, region of the stomach that is superior to the junction between the stomach and the esophagus.
39
What is Cardia?
Cardia, region of the stomach that connects to the esophagus.
40
What is Rugae?
Rugae, The prominent ridges in the lining of the empty stomach
41
What is Body in relation to the stomach?
Body, The part of the stomach that functions as a mixing chamber for food and secretions
42
What is Pyoric part?
Pyloric part, The region of the stomach that empties into the duodenum.
43
What is pyloric antrum?
Pyloric antrum is connected to the body
44
What is Pyloric canal?
Pyloric canal empties into the duodenum
45
What is pylorus?
Pylorus is the muscular tissue surrounding the pyloric orifice
46
What are the 3 sections of the large intestine?
1. Pouchlike cecum 2. Colon 3. Rectum
47
What are the major hormones secreted by the small intestine?
1. Gastrin 2. Secretin 3. GIP 4. CCK 5. VIP 6. Enterocrinin 7. Enteropeptidase
48
Gastrin
G cells in the stomach and duodenum secrete gastrin. Gastrin promotes stomach motility and gastric acid production.
49
Secretin
Chyme stimulates the duodenum and promotes secretin production. Secretin increases the pancreatic enzyme and buffer, also bile secretion.
50
GIP
An intestinal hormone that stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreatic islet cells.
51
CCK
CCK causes gallbladder to contract
52
VIP
VIP stimulates the secretion of intestinal glands and inhibits acid production in the stomach
53
Enterocrinin
Intestinal hormone that stimulates mucin production by the submucosal duodenal glands
54
What are the three sections of the small intestine?
1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum
55
Enteropeptidase
activates the key pancreatic proenzyme, trypsinogen.
56
What are the major functions of bile salt?
Bile salts break the lipid by emulsification →lipid absorption
57
Where is bile salt secreted into?
into duodenum
58
Where are Bile salts are reabsorbed from?
small intestine and back to liver
59
What is the process of “enterohepatic circulation”?
1. The liver secretes bile 2. Bile travels to the gallbladder and is stored there 3. The release of CCK by the duodenum triggers the bile to be released from the gallbladder to the duodenum 4. Within the lumen of the digestive tract, bile salt break the lipid droplets 5. The Bile is reabsorbed by the small intestine and back to the liver
60
Where is bile synthesized?
Bile is synthesized in the hepatocyte (liver cells)
61
What are the structures in the liver? (4x)
1. left & right lobes 2. gallbladder 3. bile duct
62
What are the two functional portions of the pancreas?
Exocrine portion and Endocrine portion
63
What are the structural and functional features of the Exocrine portion?
Pancreatic acini (structure) Exocrine cells secrete pancreatic juice containing an alkaline mixture of digestive enzymes, water, and ions.
64
What are the structural and functional features of the Endocrine portion?
Pancreatic islets (endocrine structure) Func: secrete insulin and glucagon (blood sugar control)
65
What are pancreatic enzymes?
1. Pancreatic alpha-amylase 2. Pancreatic lipase 3. Nucleases 4. Proteolytic enzymes
66
Pancreatic alpha-amylase
a carbohydrase n enzyme that breaks down certain starches.
67
Pancreatic lipase
which breaks down certain complex lipids, releasing products (such as fatty acids) that can be easily absorbed.
68
Nucleases
which breaks down RNA or DNA.
69
Proteolytic enzymes
which break apart proteins.
70
What are the important cell types in the stomach?
1. Parietal cells 2. Chief cells 3. G cells 4. D cells 5. Ghrelin 6. Rennin
71
Parietal cells
Intrinsic factor (help absorb Vitamin B12) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (indirectly)
72
Chief cells
Pepsinogen (Acid promote to converted to pepsin, active protelytic)
73
G cells
Gastrin (stimulates gastric secretion)
74
D cells
Somatostatin (a hormone that inhibits the release of gastrin)
75
Ghrelin
This hormone stimulate hunger
76
Rennin
Stomachs of newborn infants produce rennin, also called chymosin, and gastric lipase (digestion of milk).
77
What are the three muscle layers in the stomach?
1. Longitudinal muscle layer 2. Circular muscle layer 3. Oblique muscle layer
78
uvula
a soft gangling process that prevents food from entering the nasopharynx
79
epiglottis
a flap of elastic cartilage that prevents food from entering the larynx and subsequence trachea (the airway).
80
How are gastric activities regulated?
(1) Cephalic phase; (2) Gastric phase; (3) intestinal phase.
81
Cephalic phase
CNS sensory or cognitive activation increases neural stimulation of the stomach. This phase prepares the stomach for the arrival of food (production of gastric juice speeds up). The vagus nerve stimulates the submucosal plexus in the stomach for gastric juice.
82
Gastric phase
This phase of gastric secretion is triggered by the entry of food into the stomach. 1. Distension of the stomach 2. Increased pH 3. Undigested materials (meal) →stimulation of submucosal and myenteric plexus →gastric juice secretion. Gastrin promotes gastric juice secretion and mixing wave.
83
Intestinal phase
Production of intestinal hormones, CCK, GIP and Secretin CCK, GIP and Secretin inhibit chief cells and Parietal cells, and peristalsis These begin when chyme enters the small intestine (duodenum).
84
Myenteric plexus
is a network of parasympathetic ganglia, sensory neurons, interneurons, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers.

PHS-3103 (10 decks)

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