A&P Exam 5 Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
In meiosis II, cells start with 23 chromosomes and end up with ______ chromosomes. This process is similar to ______ since the chromosome count doesn’t change.
A
23; mitosis
2
Q
The type of cell division that produces sperm and oocytes is called?
A
Meiosis
3
Q
Most human body cells have how many chromosomes?
A
46 chromosomes
4
Q
Most sex cells such as sperm or oocytes have how many chromosomes?
A
23 chromosomes
5
Q
In males, meiosis results in ______ functional sperm. In females, it results in ______ functional oocyte(s).
A
Four; one
6
Q
The cell that enters meiosis is ______ with ______ set(s) of chromosomes.
A
Diploid; two
7
Q
Oocytes and sperm cells are ______; they have one copy of each type of chromosome.
A
Haploid
8
Q
With respect to chromosomal division, meiosis II is most similar to which cell division?
A
Mitosis
9
Q
Meiosis produces ______ in humans.
A
Sperm cells and oocytes
10
Q
In which gender does meiosis result in one sex cell and up to three polar bodies?
A
Females
11
Q
At the start of meiosis each cell has a total of ________ chromosomes, representing _______ set(s) of chromosomes.
A
46; 2
12
Q
A haploid cell has ______ set(s) of ______ chromosomes.
A
1; 23
13
Q
The products of the process of meiosis are ______.
A
Four genetically unique daughter cells
14
Q
The male reproductive system shows a male genital organ labeled as A and a pair of oval-shaped organs labeled B lie below the male genital organ, and is surrounded by a layer labeled C. In this image, the structure indicated by “A” is the ______; the structure indicated by “B” is the ______; the structure indicated by “C” is the ______.
A
Penis; testis; scrotum
15
Q
Human gametes (sperm and ooocytes) are produced by which type of cell division?
A
Meiosis
16
Q
The process of meiosis produces ______ genetically ______ cells.
A
four; different
17
Q
A connective tissue cord that extends from the testis to the floor of the abdominopelvic cavity during development is the?
A
gubernaculum
18
Q
Place the structures in the order that sperm cells flow through them, with the structure closest to sperm origin at the top:
Epididymis, seminiferous tubules, ductus deferens
A
- seminiferous tubules
- epididymis
- ductus deferens
19
Q
Label A points to the tube from the urinary bladder that passes through the penis. Label B points to the skin that covers the glans of the penis. Label C points to the tip of the male genital organ where the urethra opens. The structure indicated by “A” is the ______; the structure indicated by “B” is the ______; the structure indicated by “C” is the ______.
A
Urethra; prepuce; glans penis
20
Q
Which cells in the seminiferous tubule give rise to sperm cells?
A
Spermatogenic cells
21
Q
What is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes?
A
Male sex hormones
22
Q
The gubernaculum is a connective tissue cord that extends from the ______ to the ______ of a developing fetus.
A
Gonad; floor of abdomopelvic cavity
23
Q
The epididymis directs sperm cells into what structure?
A
Ductus deferens
24
Q
The three male accessory glands are: the ________ vesicles, _______ glad, and bulbourethral glands.
A
Seminal; prostate
25
______ line seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm cells. ______ lie in between the tubules and secrete male sex hormones.
Spermatogenic cells; interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)
26
The fluid that the urethra conveys to the outside during male ejaculation is called __________
Semen
27
Which structures/cells produce the male sex hormones?
a) hypothalamus
b) interstitial cells or cells of Leydig
c) anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
d) sustentacular cells or Sertoli cells
B
28
When exposed to cold temperatures, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity. When exposed to warmth, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity.
Toward; away from
29
Indicate the three male accessory glands.
Bulbourethral gland, seminal vesicle, prostate
30
The shaft of the penis is composed of three columns of erectile tissue: a pair of dorsally located corpora __________ and a single ventral corpus ___________.
Cavernosa; spongiosum
31
During sexual stimulation, parasympathetic impulses release nitric oxide (NO) that dilates arteries of the penis causing accumulation of blood; the penis swells and elongates, producing an ___________.
Erection
32
The ______ contracts when it is cold, and the scrotum becomes taut and wrinkled, holding the testes snugly against the body.
Dartos muscle
33
The culmination of sexual stimulation is called a(n) ___________, a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release that is accompanied by emission and ejaculation in males.
Orgasm
34
Located in the penis are ______ column(s) of corpora cavernosa and ______ column(s) of corpora spongiosa.
2; 1
35
From the spinal cord, ______ impulses cause ______ of the arteries and subsequent ______ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue and produces an erection.
parasympathetic; dilation; constriction
36
When exposed to cold temperatures, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity. When exposed to warmth, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity.
toward; away from
37
What occurs during emission?
Sperm and glandular secretions are moved into urethra.
38
All of the following are accessory glands of the male reproductive system except the ______.
Epididymis
39
Which are part of the male orgasm?
a) Lubrication by the vestibular glands
b) Pleasurable feelings of physiological and psychological release
c) Ejaculation of semen
d) Movement of sperm and secretions into urethra
e) Sperm production
B, C, and D
40
As muscular contractions within ducts cause the movement of sperm and accessory-gland secretions into the urethra, semen is formed. What is this process called?
Emission
41
What occurs during ejaculation?
Release of semen to the outside of the penis
42
The cells of the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish the sperm-producing cells are called?
Sustentacular or sertoli
43
Name the undifferentiated spermatogenic cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes, found in the periphery of the seminiferous tubules.
Spermatogonia
44
Which three statements are true about erection of the penis?
a) Nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue.
b) The increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins.
c) The reflex is mediated by the pons of the brainstem.
d) It is mediated by sympathetic nerve impulses.
e) The penis swells and elongates.
A, B, and E
45
Starting at the periphery (top of the list) and working toward the lumen, put the following cell types in order as they appear in the seminiferous tubule.
Secondary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes
Spermatogonia
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
1. Spermatogonia
2. Primary spermatocytes
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Spermatids
5. Spermatozoa
46
Semen is expelled from the urethra to the outside of the body in a process called?
Ejaculation
47
What is the function of the sustentacular cells?
Support and nourish spermatogenic cells
48
Undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called
Spermatogonia
49
The process of sperm cell production (including both meiosis and development of sperm from spermatids) is called
Spermatogenesis
50
Starting at the lumen (at the top) and working toward the periphery, put the following cell types in order as they appear in the seminiferous tubule.
Spermatozoa
Secondary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocytes
Spermatogonia
Spermatids
1. Spermatozoa
2. Spermatids
3. Secondary spermatocytes
4. Primary spermatocytes
5. Spermatogonia
51
During spermiogenesis, a spermatid undergoes which of the following changes?
a) Reduction of chromosome number
b) formation of an acrosome
c) growth of a flagellum
d) Movement of spermatid toward periphery of seminiferous tubule
B and C
52
The encircled region A points to the midpiece of the sperm made up of mitochondria. The encircled region B points to the roughly triangular end of the sperm. Label C points to the thin long Label of the sperm that helps in mobility. In a mature sperm cell, the region indicated by "A" is the ______; the region of a sperm cell indicated by "B" is the ______; the region of a sperm cell indicated by "C" is the ______.
Midpiece; head; flagellum
53
What are spermatogonia?
Diploid cells that will become sperm cells.
54
What is spermatogenesis?
Formation of sperm cells
55
Differentiation of a spermatid into a single, mature sperm cell is called ______.
Spermiogenesis
56
The encircled region A points to the midpiece of the sperm made up of mitochondria. The encircled region B points to the roughly triangular end of the sperm. Label C points to the thin long Label of the sperm that helps in mobility. In the mature sperm cell, the nucleus would be found in the region labeled with letter ______. Mitochondria would be found in the region shown by letter ______, and movement would occur using the structure labeled ____.
B; A; C
57
The onset of puberty is initiated by the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) from the endocrine organ called the _______
Hypothalamus
58
The encircled region A points to the midpiece of the sperm made up of mitochondria. The encircled region B points to the roughly triangular end of the sperm. Label C points to the thin long Label of the sperm that helps in mobility. The midpiece of the sperm cell is indicated by the letter _____; the head is indicated by letter ____.
A; B
59
The gonadotropins FSH and LH are released under the influence of GnRH. FSH and LH are released from the ______.
Anterior pituitary gland
60
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is produced by which endocrine organ?
Hypothalamus
61
The most important androgen is?
Testosterone
62
A decline in sexual function in males that is associated with a decrease in levels of testosterone is called the male __________. This stage is somewhat like menopause in females.
Climacteric
63
Label A points to the small oval-shaped organ on either side of the uterus. Label B points to the pear-shaped muscular organ. Label C points to a muscular canal between the hollow muscular organ and the perineum. The vagina is labeled with the letter ___, the uterus with letter ___, and the ovary with letter ____.
C; B; A
64
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) induces the anterior pituitary to secrete the two gonadotropins: ______ and ______.
Luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
65
Which cell type gives rise to primary oocytes?
Oogonia
66
Which is the most important male sex hormone, also called an androgen?
Testosterone
67
Men undergo male ______, a decline in sexual function associated with aging, when testosterone levels decline.
Climacteric
68
Label A points to the tube that connects the uterus and the ovaries. Label B points to the lowermost Label of the pear-shaped hollow muscular organ. Label C points to a muscular canal between the hollow muscular organ and the perineum. Match each letter with the correct female reproductive structure. A ->
B->
C->
a) uterine tube
b) cervix
c) vagina
69
Which two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in males?
Luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
70
What do oogonia develop into?
Primary oocytes
71
Which is the most important androgen in males?
Testosterone
72
The number of oocytes in the ovary steadily ______ from birth to menopause.
Decreases
73
Label A points to the small oval-shaped organ on either side of the uterus. Label B points to the pear-shaped muscular organ. Label C points to a muscular canal between the hollow muscular organ and the perineum. The vagina is labeled with the letter ___, the uterus with letter ___, and the ovary with letter ___.
C, B, A
74
A long muscular canal labeled A lies below the lowermost Label of the uterus labeled B. A tube that connects the ovaries and the uterus is labeled as C, which ends with finger-like structures labeled D and the innermost layer of the uterus is labeled E. Match each letter with the term for the reproductive structure.
A ->
B ->
C ->
D ->
E ->
A) Vagina
B) Cervix
C) Uterine tube
D) Fimbriae
E) Uterus
75
The uterine tubes are lined with cells that have ________ on their free surfaces, which move to propel the oocyte toward the uterus.
Cilia
76
Baby girls are born with ______ oocytes than are present at puberty.
More
77
Where does fertilization usually occur?
In the uterine tube
78
Which two hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary gland in males?
luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
79
The lower one-third, or neck, of the uterus is called the
Cervix
80
Ciliary action and peristaltic contractions in the ______ help to transport the secondary oocyte toward the uterus.
Uterine tube
81
Sperm needs to reach the ______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.
Uterine tube
82
Which test utilizes cells sampled from the cervix to detect potential cancer?
Pap smear
83
Indicate the correct order of the uterine wall layers from the innermost (at the top) to the outermost.
1. Endometrium
2. Myometrium
3. Perimetrium
84
List three components of the vulva.
Clitoris
Labia majora
Labia minora
85
Which female organ is homologous to the penis in males with the same embryological origin and a similar structure?
Clitoris
86
What is a Pap smear test?
A test for precancerous cervical cells
87
Label A points to the thick middle layer of the uterine wall. Label B points to the innermost layer of the uterus. Label C points to the broad curved upper area of the uterus. Match each letter with the correct uterine layer.
Myometrium
Perimetrium
Endometrium
A -> Myometrium
B -> Endometrium
C -> Perimetrium
88
The female external accessory organs are collectively referred to as the ________, and include the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vestibular glands
Vulva
89
A primary oocyte is stimulated to continue meiosis. The resultant cell has ______ chromosomes.
23
90
The erectile organ of the female genitalia, homologous to the male penis, is called the _________
Clitoris
91
Label A points to the tube from the oval-shaped organ, where the end of the tube is finger-shaped attached to the oval-shaped organ. Label B points to the small oval-shaped organ on either side of the uterus. Label C points to the hollow muscular organ. Label D points to a muscular canal between the hollow muscular organ and the perineum. Match each letter with the function for the organ indicated.
1. Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
2. Produces oocytes and female sex organs
3. Site of fertilization
4. Receives erect penis during sexual intercourse
A) 3
B) 2
C) 1
D) 4
92
All of the following are components of the vulva except the ______.
Labia majora
Labia minora
Vagina
Clitoris
Vagina
93
Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes in which the original chromosome number is ______.
Halved
94
If fertilization occurs, the secondary oocyte divides, forming a(n) ______ and a(n) ______.
Second polar body; ovum
95
Produces female sex hormones
Ovary
96
Protects and sustains the embryo during pregnancy
Uterus
97
Encloses and protects other external reproductive organs
Labia majora
98
Space that contains openings for the vagina and urethra
Vestibule
99
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
Perimetrium
Myometrium
Endometrium
100
Which two products are the result of a primary oocyte completing the first meiotic division?
Secondary oocyte
First polar body
101
The first row shows the stages of the follicle inside the ovary, while the second row shows the individual structure of the stages of the follicle. A pair of arrows point to the small mass of cells broken by the macrophages when fertilization does not takes place. Identify the structure at the tips of the arrows.
corpus albicans
102
The formation of the ______ polar body occurs only if the secondary oocyte is fertilized.
Second
103
Site of fertilization
Fallopian tube
104
Produces oocytes and female sex hormones
Ovary
105
Protects and sustains embryo during pregnancy
Uterus
106
Receives erect penis during sexual intercourse
Vagina
107
During meiosis I of oogenesis, the cytoplasm divides unequally resulting in a large ______ oocyte and a small ______ polar body.
Secondary; first
108
Label A points to the thick middle layer of the uterine wall. Label B points to the innermost layer of the uterus. Label C points to the broad curved upper area of the uterus. Match each letter with the correct uterine layer.
Perimetrium
Endometrium
Myometrium
A -> Myometrium
B -> Endometrium
C -> Perimetrium
109
Ovulation is triggered by a spike in levels of _________ hormone in the blood
Luteinizing
110
The results of first meiotic division are two ______ divided cells called a ______ and a ______.
Unequally; secondary oocyte; first polar body
111
Which three organs secrete hormones that control the maturation of oocytes and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics?
Ovary
Anterior pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
112
Which two products are the result of a primary oocyte completing the first meiotic division?
Secondary oocyte; first polar body
113
A "spike" or "surge" in the blood levels of which hormone leads to ovulation?
Luteinizing hormone
114
Which organs control maturation of female gametes, development of secondary sex characteristics, and changes in the monthly reproductive cycle?
Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries
115
The second polar body forms ______.
when the secondary oocyte is fertilized and undergoes a second meiotic division
116
The first row shows the stages of the follicle inside the ovary, while the second row shows the individual structures of the stages of the follicle. A pair of arrows point to the ring-like tissue after the ovulation stage. Identify the structure indicated by the arrows.
Corpus luteum
117
In nonpregnant adult females, what is the primary source of estrogens?
Ovaries
118
At puberty, the ______ begins secreting increasing amounts of GnRH, which stimulate the ______ to release FSH and LH, which act on the ______ to promote female sex cell maturation and sex hormone release.
Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries
119
Which two products are the result of a primary oocyte completing the first meiotic division?
Secondary oocyte; first polar body
120
What is the term for a female's first menstrual period?
Menarche
121
The hypothalamus secretes the hormone GnRH, which in turn stimulates the anterior pituitary to release the gonadotropins _________ and ___________.
FSH; LH
122
Which organs control maturation of female gametes, development of secondary sex characteristics, and changes in the monthly reproductive cycle?
Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries
123
Maturation of ovarian follicles is stimulated by the hormone called ______.
FSH
124
A female's first reproductive cycle is called?
Menarche
125
The primary source of estrogens in a nonpregnant female is the
Ovary
126
secreted by the hypothalamus in rhythmic pulses; causes release of LH from the anterior pituitary by the middle of the reproductive cycle
gonadotropin releasing hormone
127
promotes maturation of ovarian follicles
FSH
128
Surges for about 36 hours; weakens and ruptures the bulging follicular wall, causing release of a secondary oocyte (ovulation)
LH
129
Secreted by the ovary; promotes storage of LH in the anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen
130
List in order the organs in the hierarchy of hormonal control involved in the female sexual cycle, with the organ acting first at the top of the list.
1. Hypothalamus
2. Anterior pituitary
3. Hypothalamus
131
At puberty, the ______ begins secreting increasing amounts of GnRH, which stimulate the ______ to release FSH and LH, which act on the ______ to promote female sex cell maturation and sex hormone release.
Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland; ovaries
132
During the proliferative phase, thickening of the glandular endometrium is due to an increasing concentration of
Estrogen
133
The hormone that stimulates the maturation of ovarian follicles is ___________.
FSH
134
What is the source of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?
Hypothalamus
135
What is the source of gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
Anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
136
What is the source of estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries, adrenal cortex, and placenta (during pregnancy)
137
The ______ secretes GnRH, which in turn stimulates the ______ to release gonadotropin FSH and LH.
Hypothalamus; anterior pituitary gland
138
Increasing concentrations of estrogens during the proliferative phase of the reproductive cycle causes thickening of the ______.
Endometrium
139
The maturing follicle secretes estrogen that inhibits the release of ______ from the ______.
LH; anterior pituitary
140
Which event occurs on about day 14 of the ovarian cycle?
Ovulation
141
Secreted by the hypothalamus in rhythmic pulses; causes release of LH from the anterior pituitary by the middle of the reproductive cycle
Gonadotropin releasing hormone
142
promotes maturation of ovarian follicles
FSH
143
Surges for about 36 hours; weakens and ruptures the bulging follicular wall, causing release of a secondary oocyte (ovulation)
LH
144
secreted by the ovary; promotes storage of LH in the anterior pituitary gland
Estrogen
145
As a follicle matures, it secretes ______ which ______ the release of LH from the anterior pituitary.
Estrogens; inhibit
146
At about day 14 of the ovarian cycle, a mature follicle will rupture and release an oocyte. This process is called
147
After an oocyte has been ovulated, the remnants of the follicle form a structure called the corpus ________.
luteum
148
Increasing concentrations of estrogens during the proliferative phase of the reproductive cycle causes thickening of the ______.
Endometrium
149
What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone causes the endometrium to secrete glycogen and lipids.
150
Where does a corpus luteum form?
within the follicle that ovulated an oocyte
151
If the ovulated oocyte is not fertilized, the ______ within the ovary begins to degenerate.
Corpus luteum
152
The cells of the corpus luteum secrete abundant amounts of the hormones ______ and ______ during the secretory half of the monthly cycle.
Estrogen; progesterone
153
High levels of estrogens and progesterone inhibit the release of ______ by he anterior pituitary gland. Consequently, no other follicles are stimulated to develop when the corpus luteum is active.
Gonadotropins (LH and FSH)
154
Due to the influence of progesterone, the endometrium becomes more vascular and glandular and the glands secrete more glycogen and lipids, during the _______ phase of the uterine cycle.
Secretory
155
After ovulation, the remnants of the follicle that released the oocyte form a temporary glandular structure in the ovary called a ______ that secretes estrogen and progesterone.
Corpus luteum
156
If fertilization of an oocyte does not occur, the corpus luteum ______.
Degenerates
157
Identify two hormones secreted by the corpus luteum.
Progesterone; estradiol
158
After ovulation, high levels of estrogen and progesterone ______ release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary gland.
Inhibit
159
What occurs during the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Progesterone causes the endometrium to secrete glycogen and lipids.
160
As progesterone levels fall and endometrial arteries constrict late in the monthly cycle, what is the result?
Menstruation
161
What is the goal of the secretory phase of the uterine cycle?
Preparing endometrial tissues to provide a favorable environment for embryonic development.
162
On average, a woman experiences menstruation every ___ days.
28
163
The ovarian follicle stages and the corresponding hormonal changes are represented by a pair of curves. Label A points to the hormone level associated with the follicle development in the initial stage of the follicle. Label B points to the hormone level associated with ovulation in the second stage of the follicle. The changes in the endometrium and the corresponding hormone levels are represented by a pair of curves. Label C points to the hormonal level associated with menstruation in the initial stage of the curve. Label D points to the hormone level associated with the pregnancy where it starts to rise. On the figure showing events during one reproductive cycle, blood levels of various hormones through the month are indicated. For each labeled tracing, identify the hormone being illustrated.
1. Progesterone
2. FSH
3. Estrogen
4. LH
A) -> FSH
B) -> LH
C) -> Estrogen
D) -> Progesterone
164
Place in order the events of the female reproductive cycle that result in ovulation, with the earliest event at the top.
- FSH stimulates maturation of a follicle
- The anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH
- Mature follicular cells secrete estrogens
- The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
- Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs
1. The anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH and LH
2. FSH stimulates maturation of a follicle
3. Mature follicular cells secrete estrogens
4. The anterior pituitary releases a surge of LH
5. Ovulation of a secondary oocyte occurs
165
Menstruation begins on about day ______ of a 28-day cycle and continues for about ______ days.
28;5
166
On average, menstrual flow begins on the ______ day of the cycle.
28
167
Place in order the events of the female reproductive cycle that occur after ovulation, with the earliest event at the top.
- If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates
- Estrogen and progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
- The endometrium disintegrates; menstruation occurs
- The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
- Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
1. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
2. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
3. If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates
4. Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
5. The endometrium disintegrates; menstruation occurs
168
Place the following stages of follicle development in the correct order from start to finish:
Ovulation
Corpus albicans
Corpus luteum
1. Ovulation
2. Corpus albicans
3. Corpus luteum
169
Place in order the events of the female reproductive cycle that occur after ovulation, with the earliest event at the top.
- The endometrium disintegrates; menstruation occurs
- Estrogen and progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
- Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
- If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates
- The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone
1. The corpus luteum secretes estrogen and progesterone.
2. Estrogen and progesterone inhibit secretion of FSH and LH
3. If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum degenerates
4. Estrogen and progesterone levels decrease
5. The endometrium disintegrates; menstruation occurs.
