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A&P II > Exam 1 final > Flashcards

Exam 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

The calcium content in the blood ________ below normal range

A

Decreases

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2
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the __________ produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone.

A

Parathyroid gland

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3
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone ________

A

Parathyroid hormone

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4
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to occur:

A
  1. Osteoclast activity
  2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium
  3. Intestine absorption of calcium
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5
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to happen: 1. Osteoclast activity. 2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium. 3. Intestine absorption of calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium in the blood ____.

A

Increases

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6
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to happen: 1. Osteoclast activity. 2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium. 3. Intestine absorption of calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium in the blood Increases. Once calcium levels in the blood return to normal levels, the ____ stops producing and releasing the hormone and levels of the hormone in the blood decrease.

A

Parathyroid gland

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7
Q

The concentration of calcium in the blood decreases below normal range. As a result, the parathyroid gland produces and releases the hormone parathyroid hormone. The hormone travels through the blood and acts on cells, causing the following events to happen: 1. Osteoclast activity. 2. Kidney reabsorption of calcium. 3. Intestine absorption of calcium. As a result, the concentration of calcium in the blood Increases. Once calcium levels in the blood return to normal levels, the parathyroid gland stops producing and releasing the hormone and levels of the hormone in the blood ____

A

Decrease

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8
Q

Thyroid releasing hormone is produced by the ______

A

Hypothalamus

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9
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone is produced by the ________

A

Anterior pituitary

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10
Q

Thyroxine is produced by the _________

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

The category called ________ hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to the nucleus, causing transcription of specific genes in the DNA (the process where DNA instructions are converted to mRNA).

A

Lipid-derived

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12
Q

The category called lipid-derived hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to the nucleus, causing ______ of specific genes in the DNA (the process where DNA instructions are converted to mRNA).

A

Transcription

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13
Q

The category called lipid-derived hormones diffuse through the lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to the nucleus, causing transcription of specific genes in the DNA (the process where DNA instructions are converted to mRNA). The action of this type of hormone is caused by the hormone changing the rate of _______ (protein synthesis).

A

Translation

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14
Q

What are the three steps of hemostasis?

A
  1. Vascular phase
  2. Platelet phase
  3. Coagulation phase
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15
Q

Antigens present in AB+ blood type?

A

A, B, D

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16
Q

Antigens present in O- blood type?

A

None

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17
Q

Antibodies present in AB+ blood type?

A

None

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18
Q

Antibodies present in O- blood type?

A

Anti-A, Anti-B, Anti-D

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19
Q

AB+ blood type can donate safely to which blood types?

A

AB+

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20
Q

O- blood type can donate blood safely to which blood types?

A

All!

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21
Q

AB+ can safely receive blood from which blood types?

A

All!

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22
Q

O- can safely receive blood from which blood types?

A

Only O-

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23
Q

If an Rh- mother becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby and it is her first pregnancy, is that baby at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn (also called erthroblastosis fetalis)?

A

No. The Rh+ child’s blood doesn’t mix with the Rh- mother’s blood until childbirth. By the time the Rh- mother makes Anti-D (Rh) antibodies the Rh+ child has been born and is no longer in the uterus.

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24
Q

An Rh- mother becomes pregnant with an Rh+ baby and it is her first pregnancy. The child is not at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn because by the time the mother makes anti-D antibodies, the Rh+ child has been born. If the SAME Rh- mother becomes pregnant with another Rh+ baby, is that baby at risk for developing hemolytic disease of the newborn (also called erthroblastosis fetalis)?

A

Yes. The antibodies against the Rh factor (anti-D/Rh) made in response to her body being exposed to the D antigen during the first childbirth will cross the placenta and attack (bind to and agglutinate) the red blood cells of the second Rh+ baby.

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25
Adrenal gland
26
Hypothalamus
27
Ovary
28
Pancreas
29
Parathyroid glands
30
Pineal gland
31
Pituitary gland
32
Testes gland
33
Thymus
34
Thyroid gland
35
What is CRH?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone
36
What is GnRH?
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
37
What is SS?
Somatostatin
38
What is GHRH?
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
39
What is PIH?
Prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone
40
What is PRF?
Prolactin-releasing factor
41
What is TRH?
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
42
What is ACTH?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
43
What is FSH?
Follicle-stimulating hormone
44
What is GH?
Growth hormone
45
What is LH?
Luteinizing hormone
46
What is PRL?
Prolactin
47
What is TSH?
Thyroid-stimulating hormone
48
Where is Corticotropin-releasing hormone found?
Hypothalamus
49
What is the source of gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
Hypothalamus
50
What is the source of somatostatin?
Hypothalamus
51
What is the source of growth hormone-releasing hormone?
Hypothalamus
52
What is the source of prolactin-release-inhibiting hormone?
Hypothalamus
53
What is the source of prolactin-releasing factor?
Hypothalamus
54
What is the source of thyrotropin-releasing hormone?
Hypothalamus
55
What is the source of adrenocorticotropic hormone?
Anterior pituitary gland
56
What is the source of follicle-stimulating hormone?
Anterior pituitary gland
57
What is the source of growth hormone?
Anterior pituitary gland
58
What is the source of luteinizing hormone?
Anterior pituitary gland
59
What is the source of prolactin?
Anterior pituitary gland
60
What is the source of thyroid-stimulating hormone?
Anterior pituitary gland
61
ADH and Oxytocin are MADE in the _____ and released by the _____
Hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland
62
Cells of the nervous system
Neurons
63
Cells of the endocrine system
Glandular epithelium
64
Chemical signal of the nervous system
Neurotransmitter
65
Chemical signal of the endocrine system
Hormone
66
Specificity of action of the nervous system
Receptors on postsynaptic cell
67
Specificity of action of the endocrine system
Receptors on target cells
68
Speed of onset of the nervous system
1 second
69
Speed of onset of the endocrine system
Seconds to hours
70
Duration of onset for the nervous system
Very brief unless neronal activity continues
71
Duration of action of the endocrine system
May be brief or may last for days even if secretion ceases
72
What are the major endocrine glands?
Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas Pineal Thymus Ovaries and Testes
73
Ductless glands that secrete hormones directly into body fluids
Endocrine glands
74
Glands that secrete into ducts or tubes that lead to a body surface
Exocrine glands
75
With a ____ gland, hormones act only on target cells that contain receptors for them. If a cell does not have receptors for the hormone, the cells i not affected by the hormone.
Endocrine
76
With an ________ gland, products are delivered directly to a specific site; action does not depend on receptors
Exocrine
77
______ secretions affect nearby cells
Paracrine
78
______ secretions affect only the cells that secrete them
Autocrine
79
What are the four steroid hormones?
Estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol
80
Steroid hormones are made from?
Cholesterol
81
Nonsteroid hormones are made from?
Mostly amino acids; some protein and carbohydrates
82
_____ hormones can diffuse through lipid bilayer of cell membranes and bind directly to receptors in the nucleus
Steroid
83
What is negative feedback mechanism?
Most common type of homeostatic mechanism; effectors return conditions toward normal range, the opposite direction (negative) of the change.
84
Where is the pituitary gland located
Base of the brain, in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
85
Pituitary gland is considered part of what system
Nervous system
86
Pituitary gland is attached to the hypothalamus by
Pituitary stalk (infundibulum)
87
Anterior pituitary hormones?
Growth hormone Prolactin Thyroid-stimulating hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Follicle-stimulating hormone Luteinizing hormone
88
Posterior pituitary hormones?
ADH, vasopressin and oxytocin
89
ADH and oxytocin are released by the posterior pituitary but MADE where?
Hypothalamus
90
Thyroid gland consists of two lateral ______
lObes
91
Thyroid gland consists of two lateral lobes, connected by what
Isthmus
92
Where is the thyroid gland located
Just below larynx, anterior and lateral to the trachea
93
Thyroid gland hormones?
T4 (thyroxine, T3 (triiodythyronine), Calcitonin
94
Location of parathyroid glands
Posterior surface of thyroid gland
95
What hormone does parathyroid gland secrete?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
96
Where are the adrenal glands?
Sit like a cap on each kidney
97
Middle of adrenal gland
Adrenal medulla
98
Outside of adrenal gland
Adrenal cortex
99
Hormones secreted by adrenal cortex (outer portion)
Steroid hormones: Aldosterone, cortisol, sex hormones
100
Hormones secreted by adrenal medulla
Amine hormones; 80% epinephrine, 20% norepinephrine
101
Effect of epinephrine and norepinephrine on heart
Heart rate increases, force of contraction increases
102
Helps regulate the concentration of extracellular electrolytes by conserving sodium ions and excreting potassium ions
Aldosterone
103
Decreases protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, and stimulates glucose synthesis from noncarbohydrates
Cortisol
104
Supplement sex hormones from the gonads; may be converted into estrogens
Adrenal androgens
105
How is the pancreas both an endocrine and exocrine gland
It secretes both hormones and digestive enzymes
106
Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Type 1, your body doesn't produce any insulin, type 2 your pancreas doesn't make enough
107
Danger, personal loss, anger, fear, guilt are all signs of what type of stress
Psychological
108
Temperature extremes, infection, injury, O2 deficiency are all signs of what type of stress
Physical
109
What structure controls stress response?
Hypothalamus
110
3 stages of General stress syndrom
Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion
111
Changes in endocrine system having to do with aging
Endocrine glands decrease in size, ADH levels increase

A&P II (11 decks)

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