A&P in class flashcards

Question 1

generally 3 oxygens stay in RBC –> goes from 4 to 3 to 4 to 3
–> unless demand for oxygen (E.g. exercise)

Answer 1

..

Question 2

which organs clear RBC?

Answer 2

liver, spleen

Question 3

which part of liver/speen?

Answer 3

fixed phagocytic macrophages

Question 4

what happens to bilirubin?

Answer 4

bilirubin –> urobilinogen –> stercobilin or urobilin

urobilin –> urine
stercobilini –> feces

Question 5

eosinophil

Answer 5

destroys parasites (worms), & destroys Ab-Ag complexes

Question 6

basophil

Answer 6

releases serotonin, heparin, & histamine in allergic reactions

Question 7

NK cells fight

Answer 7

cancer, infectious microbes

Question 8

factor X

Answer 8

factor X –> thrombin activator (Prothrombinase – from liver) –> turns prothrombin to thrombin –> turns fibrinogen into fibrin

Question 9

Aspirin

Answer 9

actually anticoagulant

Question 10

agglutinin

Answer 10

antibody

Question 11

agglutinogen

Answer 11

antigen

Question 12

what can be antigen? (allergy)

Answer 12

something can be antigen for one person, but not for another person (E.g. allergy – pollen)

Question 13

agglutinogen + agglutinin = ?

Answer 13

agglutination (clumping – in this case of RBC)

Question 14

why transfusion –> different reasons

Answer 14

why transfusion –> different reasons
note enough blood volume?
not enough RBC?
not enough WBC?
not enough plasma?

Question 15

generally speaking, which component is removed from blood?

Answer 15

WBC

Question 16

what does + or - mean in blood type

Answer 16

indicates presence of Rh antigen (Rh factor)

Question 17

clumping together

Answer 17

surface area decreases

Question 18

also increase risk for

Answer 18

clotting

Question 19

what happens wrong blood?

Answer 19

shock
–> i.e. hypoperfusion of organs

Question 20

kidneys shutting down (wrong blood)

Answer 20

acute kidney failure

kidney overloaded when trying to filter blood contents

Question 21

all anemias have this in common –> Common definition

Answer 21

anemia
–> oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced (for varying reasons, dependent on type of anemia)

Question 22

general symptoms all types of anemias have in common

Answer 22

Symptoms:
Fatigue
Intolerant of cold
Skin appears pale
Dyspnea with mild exertion

Question 23

thalassemia, one treatment method

Answer 23

frequent transfusions

Question 24

what percentage of RBC have Hb-S in sickle cell anemia?

Answer 24

“Sickle cell patients usually have a hemoglobin S level of about 80- 90%. This means 80-90% of the circulating red blood cells are cells that can sickle and cause complications.”

Question 25

sickle cell trait makes which disease difficult to develop?

Answer 25

malaria

“If a mosquito carrying the malaria germ bites someone with sickle cell trait, the person isn’t as likely to get as sick as other people.”

“That’s because people with sickle cell trait have red blood cells that make it hard for the malaria germ to grow.”

Question 26

can sickle celled RBCs carry oxygen?

Answer 26

“Because of their shape, sickled red blood cells can’t squeeze through small blood vessels as easily as the almost donut-shaped normal cells. This can lead to these small blood vessels getting blocked which then stops the oxygen from getting through to where it is needed.”

“Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder marked by defective hemoglobin. It inhibits the ability of hemoglobin in red blood cells to carry oxygen.”

“Sickle cells tend to stick together, blocking small blood vessels causing painful and damaging complications.”

Question 27

hemochromatosis –> iron chelators

Answer 27

“Drugs called iron chelators remove extra iron from your body.”

“They bind metal ions and reduce their reactivity dramatically [17]. Therefore, iron-chelating agents reduce iron overload in different organs, such as the liver and heart”