1. Movement 2. Stability 3. Communication 4. Control of Body Openings and Passages 5. Heat Production

A & P Muscle Test Flashcards by Jackie Jordan

3 types of muscle tissue

Smooth
Skeletel
Cardiac

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Fiver Charchteristics of Muscle Tissue

Excitability
Conductivity
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

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Excitability

The ability to revieve and respond to a stimulus.

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Stimulus

Change in environment, neuro transmitter, hormone, or a local change in PH

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Neuro transmitter

chemical released by nerve cell

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Response

the generation and conduction of an action potential along muscle cell membrane (nerve impulse)

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Action Potential

Electrical Impulse

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Conductivity

Ability to transmit action potential

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Contractillity

Ability to shorten (contract)

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Extensibility

Ability to stretch

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Elasticity

ability to stretch and return to originial size

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Function of Muscle

Movement
Stability
Communication
Control of Body Openings and Passages
Heat Production

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Movement

What does Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth muscle contribute to movement?

All Movement is from muscle contractions

Skeletal muscles allow for manipulation and locomotion

Cardiac and Smooth muscle are responsibile for movement of blood through circulatory system.

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Stability

Posture and Body Position- muscle fiber groups alternate contractions to maintain posture.

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When is heat produced by muscles?

When muscles contract.

Muscles shiver to produce heat due to cold body.

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Skeletel Muscle Characteristics

Voluntary 0 needs conscious control by owner and stimulation by nerve impulse
Longest Cells that have bands called striations.
Contract rapidily and vigorsouly but tire easily and require rest.

Overall body mobility

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Cardiac Muscle

Only in the heart and large blood vessels where they connect to the heart (Aorta and Vena Cava)

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Endomysium

Surrounds Muscle Figer

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Perymisum

Surrounds the fasivuli (group of fibers)

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Epimysium

Surounds the whole muscle

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Tendon

Attatches muscle to bone

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Ligament

attatches bone to bone

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Aponeurosis

attatches muscle to muscle

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Orgin

Attatched at stationary end

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belly

thicker middle region

insertion

attatchment at more mobile end

What is meant by "Contraction"

Excitation

Sarcolemma

Plasma Membrane

Sarcoplasm

Cytoplasm

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth ER of muscle

Myofibrils

Thread like structures that make up each fiber (muscle cell)

Myofilimants

Thick- Made of myosin | Thin- made of Actin (ACT THIN)

Each muscle fiber is ___ Cell

ONE

Two Contractile Proteins

Myosin and Actin

Two Regulatory Proteins

Troponin and Tropomyosin

What is a sarcomere?

Smallest functional unit of a muscle cell

A band

Thick filimants laying side by side Myosin

I band

Short Thin light colored band Actin Does not reach into theh Z-disk

Z bands

connected to the sarcolemma by the cytoskeleton Z lines = boundries of sarcomere

Length of a sarcomere

1 Zband to the next

What causes a muscle to relax?

Calcium ion is returned to sarcoplasmic retixulum and sarcomere relaxes

Energy Source for Muscle Contraction

ATP glucose can be broken down via chemical reactions and formed into ATP for use.

Aerobic Respiration yields ___ ATP

38 ATP but 2 are needed for start up

Aerobic Respiration uses ___

Aerobic Respiration Creates

Large amounts of ATP, H20, and CO2

Anerobic Respiration yield ____ ATP

4 but 2 are required for start up

Anerobic Respiration

once muscles have been contractiong vigerously for a long time and there is a deficency of O2 results and aerobic pathway can no longer produce enough ATP for muscle use

Creatine Phosphate

Stored in muscle tissue in large amounts, Resynthasizes ADP into ATP CP reserves quickly depleted but restored during rest

Muscle Fatigue Causes and defination

Glycogen in muscle is depleted Production of ATP can't keep up with ATPase (ATP DEFICIENCY NOT ABSENCE) Physiological inability to retract

Oxygen Debt

Amount of oxygen required to provide restoration to the normal state.

What is required for a muscle to return to rest?

Oxygen stores must be replenished Glycogen stores must be replaces Creatine Pjosphate must be Replenished Liver Must Reconver Lactic Acid back into Glucose or Glycogen

How do you replenish oxygen debt?

Via Rapid Deep breathing after strenous activity has ended. Breathing is automatically triggered by the presence of lactic acid in the body.

Muscle Twitch

Response of a muscle to a stimulus strong or weak depending on the number of motor units activated

Motor Unit

single motor neuron from the brain/spinal chord will control a group of muscles

All or None Principle

Fiber will either contract to its greatest extent or not at all

The fewer the number of fibers in a motor unit

the finer the control of movement

Latent Period

Time before stimulus occurs

Relaxation lasts until

the actual contraction | When Tension is at its highest point

Contraction

Tension at highest point

Isometric Contractions

There is a change in the tension of a muscle with no change in length Tighten Muscle/ pushing against something that is an immovable load

Isotonic Contraction

Change in length of a muscle

Deep Gluteal muscle that sciatic nerve travels through

piriforms

Time Line of Rigamortis

3-4 hrs after deatch: Muscles begin to tighten Peaks at 12 hours Disappates 48-60 hours after death

Muscles that get sore after coughing

external obliques | external intercostals

contraction of smooth muscle in the digestive tract that moves contents through

peristalsis

Muscle that covers the scalp and can produce tension headache

Occipitofrontalis

Name of group of muscles that hold arm to trunk and allow you to throw a ball

rotator cuff

Trying to pick up a suburban

Isometric

not using muscles for a long time causes

atrophy

Scream Queen Muscles | Flex Head to Chest

Platysma

Order of Contraction

Treppe Incomplete Tetnus Complete Tetnus Fatigue

Superfiscial to Deep Abdominal Muscles

Rectus Abdominus Internal/External Obilques Transverse Abdominous

Trapazoid Muscle on Back

Trapezious

back muscle that is adductor of upper arm

latisimus Dorsi

Muscle on front of arm supinates hand

Biceps Brachii

Muscle on back of arm that extends

Triceps Brachii

Calf Muscle

Gastrocnemis

Fleshy Cheek Muscle

Masseter

Muscles for Chewing

Masseter, Temporalis

Fleshy Butt

Gluteus Maximus

Flexor Lower Leg

Hamstrings Biceps Femoris

Lower Leg Extendors

Quadriceps: Rectus Femoris Vastus Lateralis Vastus Medialis

Muscle lets you set cross legged

Sartorius

Involuntary Muscles

Cardiac and Smooth

Voluntary Muscles

Skeletal

Muscles makes up what of the body?

Half of the body mass