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A & P review p1 Flashcards

All chapters except muscles. Muscles are a separate deck. (348 cards)

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0
Q

Define physiology.

A

Function of human body.

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1
Q

Define anatomy.

A

Structure of human body

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2
Q

What is the complementarity of structure & function?

A

They are inseparable bc function always reflects structure.

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3
Q

Name the levels of structural organization.

A

Chemical level (atoms, molecules, organelles)

Cellular level

Tissue level

Organ level

Organ System Level

Organism Level

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4
Q

How many organ systems are there?

A

11

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5
Q

Name all organ systems.

A

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Respiratory

Excretory/Urinary

Digestive

Reproductive

Lymphatic/Immune

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6
Q

Name 3 things metabolism includes.

A

Catabolism (breaking down things)

Anabolism (building things)

Cellular respiration (using nutrients & O2 to make ATP)

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7
Q

Name the 8 characteristics of life.

A

Maintain boundaries (skin, cell membranes)

Movement (muscles, fluids through organs)

Responsiveness/Irritability (muscle reflex to stimuli, CO2 low=rapid breathing response)

Digestion

Metabolism

Excretion (digestion, urinary, respiratory)

Reproduction (cells, organisms)

Growth (body part, cells, organism)

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8
Q

What body systems does metabolism depend on?

A

Digestive & respiratory to provide nutrients & O2 to blood

Cardiovascular to distribute nutrients & O2 throughout body

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9
Q

What regulates metabolism?

A

Hormones secreted by endocrine glands

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10
Q

Name the 5 survival needs.

A

Nutrients

Oxygen

Water

Temperature

Pressure

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11
Q

Define homeostasis.

A

Body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions

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12
Q

Define variable.

A

Factor or event being regulated.

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13
Q

Name the 3 components that work together in the homeostatic control mechanism.

A

Receptor

Control center

Effector

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14
Q

What does the control center do?

A

Determines “set point” (range @ which variable is to be maintained)

Analyzes input & determines appropriate response

Sends output to effector via efferent pathway

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15
Q

What is some type of sensor monitoring the environment that responds to stimuli by sending input to control center via afferent pathway?

A

receptor

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16
Q

Name types of feedback.

A

Positive feedback

Negative feedback

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17
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

When affect of stimuli is reduced so control process is shut off completely.

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18
Q

What does an effector do?

A

Provides the means for control center’s output to stimulus

Sends feedback to influence the effect of stimuli (either reducing or enhancing it)

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19
Q

Describe positive feedback.

A

When affects if stimuli are enhanced so control process continues at faster rate

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20
Q

Name axial body cavities

A

Dorsal

Ventral

Other

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21
Q

Ventral cavity includes what?

A

Thoracic

Abdominopelvic

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22
Q

What cavities are in thoracic cavity?

A

Mediastinum

Pleural cavities

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23
Q

Dorsal cavity contains which cavities?

A

Cranial cavity

Vertebral/Spinal Cavity

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24
Name "other" body cavities.
Oral Nasal Orbital Middle ear Synovial Frontal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus (behind eye)
25
Define serous or serosa.
Membranes
26
Define parietal serosa.
Lines cavity walls
27
Define visceral serosa.
Covers organs in a cavity
28
Define serous fluid.
Thin layer of lubricating fluid separating parietal and visceral serosa.
29
Where is serous fluid found?
In the cavity between visceral & parietal membranes
30
Term for lung membranes.
Pleural membranes
31
Term for cardiac membranes.
Pericardial membranes (pericardium)
32
Term for abdominopelvic membranes.
Peritoneal membranes
33
Name the pleural membranes.
Visceral pleura Parietal pleura
34
Name pericardial membranes
Parietal pericardium Visceral pericardium Fibrous pericardium
35
Name peritoneal membranes
Parietal peritoneum Visceral peritoneum
36
What is the peritoneal cavity?
Cavity between parietal & visceral peritoneums
37
Define matter.
Anything that has mass and takes up space
38
Name 2 types of energy
Kinetic Potential
39
Name the cellular form of energy needed for all life.
ATP
40
Where is ATP made?
Mitochondria
41
ATP is a product of what?
Cellular respiration
42
Name 4 most common elements.
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen
43
What are neutral atoms?
Atoms with same number of protons & neutrons
44
Define isotope
Atom with same # of protons but different # of neutrons
45
What types of radiation do isotopes put off?
Alpha waves Beta waves Gamma rays
46
The larger amount of a mixture is called what?
Solvent
47
What is the smaller amount of a mixture?
Solute
48
What are valence electrons?
Electrons in outermost shell (valence shell)
49
Define ion.
Charged atom
50
Cations have what kind of charge?
Positive
51
Anions have what type of charge?
Negative
52
Is oxidation a gain or loss if electrons?
Loss of electrons
53
Is reduction a gain or loss of electrons?
Gain of electrons.
54
What is the strongest bond?
Covalent bond
55
What are 2 types of covalent bonds?
Polar | Non polar
56
What is the weakest bond?
Hydrogen
57
What numbers are acids on pH scale?
0-7
58
What numbers are bases on the pH scale?
7-14
59
What do acids do when put in water?
Release hydrogen atoms
60
What do bases do when put in water?
Release hydroxide ions (OH-)
61
What do neutrals on the pH scale do when put in water?
Gain and release the same amount of hydrogen and hydroxide ions
62
What is the pH of blood?
7.4 (7.35-7.45)
63
What does a buffer do?
Helps maintain pH by either picking up or dropping hydrogen ions
64
What do salts/electrolytes do in the body?
Conduct currents and release ions in water
65
What are the two most important salts/electrolytes?
Sodium potassium
66
What is alkalosis?
Body pH of 7.5 to 7.8
67
What is acidosis?
Body pH of 7.0 to 7.3
68
Name the inorganic substances in our body.
Water oxygen carbon dioxide salts/electrolytes
69
What is the most abundant inorganic substance in the human body?
Water
70
Name the organic substances of the body.
Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
71
Another name for carbohydrates?
Sugars
72
What is the chemical make-up of all sugars?
C6 H12 06
73
What is the most abundant monosaccharide in the body?
Glucose
74
What is the part of the plant cell wall that we cannot digest?
Cellulose
75
Human form of sugar when it is stored?
Glycogen
76
What is the storage form of sugar in plants?
Starch
77
Dehydration synthesis is used to combine what?
Monomers into polymers
78
What is hydrolysis used for?
Splitting polymers into monomers by adding a water molecule
79
Name types of lipids.
Triglycerides steroids phospholipids
80
What are the two kinds of triglycerides?
Saturated fats Unsaturated fats
81
What is the most important steroid in the body?
Cholesterol
82
What are steroids used for?
Making vitamin D Steroid hormones Sex hormones Bile salts
83
What is the main component of a cell membrane?
Phospholipids
84
Lipids help the body to use which vitamins?
A, D, E and K
85
What is the most diverse group of organic compounds?
Proteins
86
Proteins are made up of what?
Amino acids
87
Name several kinds of proteins in the body.
Antibodies Enzymes Hemoglobin
88
What do enzymes do?
Help out in every reaction in the body Act as catalysts (increasing or speeding up reactions)
89
What does hemoglobin do?
Transports oxygen
90
Where is hemoglobin located?
On red blood cells
91
What does insulin do?
Regulates blood sugar
92
What was the first genetically engineered product?
Human insulin
93
Name two nucleic acids.
DNA RNA
94
Nucleic acids are made up of what?
Nucleotides
95
What is a nucleotide made up of?
A five carbon sugar A phosphate group A nitrogenous base
96
What are the four bases of DNA?
Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine
97
DNA has how many strands?
2
98
What are the four bases of RNA?
Adenine Uracil Guanine Cytosine
99
How many strands does RNA have?
1
100
What is the primary energy transferring molecule in cells?
ATP
101
What provides a form of energy that is immediately usable by all cells of the body?
ATP
102
How many times can a light microscope magnify?
1000 times
103
Which microscope allows objects to be seen in 3-D?
Scanning electron microscope
104
Which microscope allows 100,000 to 200,000 times magnification but no 3-D imaging?
Transmission electron microscope
105
Which microscope allows us to only see the cell membrane, cytoplasm, and the cell nucleus?
Light microscope
106
Name the parts of a cell.
Nucleus Ribosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Cilia and flagella
107
What do ribosomes do?
Make proteins Make DNA and RNA
108
Where are ribosomes located?
On the endoplasmic reticulum
109
What is the end of endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?
Transport
110
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Rough Smooth
111
What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?
Protein synthesis
112
What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?
Making lipids Detox
113
Which organelle is responsible for ATP synthesis through cellular respiration?
Mitochondria
114
What organelle packages and sorts material?
Golgi apparatus
115
What do lysosomes contain?
Digestive enzymes
116
What are cilia?
Short, hair-like projections
117
What are flagella?
Long, whip-like tales
118
Where are flagella in the human body?
Only on sperm cells
119
The nucleus sends messenger RNA (mRNA) to which organelle?
Endoplasmic reticulum
120
What does the golgi apparatus do with the items it is sent?
Sorts, packages it and sends it out
121
The endoplasmic reticulum sends the object that is made to which organelle
golgi apparatus
122
What are the components of the cell membrane?
Phospholipids Proteins
123
Name the types of passive transport.
Diffusion Facilitated diffusion Osmosis Filtration
124
Is energy required for passive transport?
No
125
Describe an isotonic solution.
One which has the same solute to water concentration as inside of the cells.
126
What happens to cells in an isotonic solution?
They retain their shape
127
What happens to cells in a hypotonic solution?
They take on water by osmosis until they burst
128
Describe a hypotonic solution.
One that contains a lower concentration of solutes than are present in cells
129
Describe a hypertonic solution.
One which contains a higher concentration of solutes than are present inside cells
130
Describe what happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution.
Cells lose water by osmosis and shrink
131
What is the movement of molecules caused by mechanical force such as blood pressure?
Filtration
132
What is the diffusion of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane?
Osmosis
133
What helps a molecule pass through the lipid bilayer in facilitated diffusion?
A Protein
134
Does active transport require ATP?
Yes
135
Describe what happens in active transport.
Molecules move against the concentration gradient or flow
136
Name the types of active transport.
Endocytosis Exocytosis
137
What are two examples of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis Pinocytosis
138
Phagocytosis is described as what?
Cellular eating
139
Pinocytosis is described as what?
Cellular drinking
140
Name the types of intercellular junctions.
Tight junctions Desmosomes Gap junctions
141
What do gap junctions allow for?
Quick communication
142
What do desmosomes allow for?
Stretching
143
What are tight junctions?
Seals
144
Name the stages of mitosis.
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
145
What is the product of the cell cycle?
Two daughter cells
146
What is different about out-of-control cells such as cancer?
They do not go through interphase or apoptosis.
147
What is apoptosis?
Natural death of cells
148
What are fibrous sheets of connective tissue which may be attached to coverings of adjacent muscles?
aponeuroses
149
What muscles cause movement in the opposite direction of the prime mover?
antagonists
150
What attaches muscle to bone?
tendon
151
What type of muscle contraction is it if the muscle length stays the same during contraction?
isometric
152
What type of muscle contraction is it if the muscle contracts & its ends are pulled closer together?
isotonic
153
What type of muscle is found in the wall of hollow organs?
smooth muscle
154
What type of muscle is found in the heart & has intercalated disks?
cardiac muscle
155
Which muscle covers the shoulder joint?
deltoid
156
Which muscle is the calf muscle?
gastrocnemius
157
Which muscle forms the anterior arm?
biceps brachii
158
What is the immovable end of a skeletal muscle?
origin
159
What 2 electrolytes are important for nerve cell conduction and transmission of impulses?
potassium & sodium
160
How many cranial nerves are there?
12
161
How many spinal nerves are there?
31
162
How many cervical nerves are there?
8
163
How many thoracic nerves are there?
12
164
How many lumbar nerves are there?
5
165
How many sacral nerves are there?
5
166
How many coccygeal nerves are there?
1
167
What is an ionic bond?
a bond formed by the transfer of electrons & the subsequent attraction of opposite charged
168
Describe a hydrogen bond.
formed when a Hydrogen atom that is already covalently bonded to 1 electronegative atom is attracted to another electronegative atom so that a "bridge" forms between them
169
What is passive transport?
when molecules flow with the concentration gradient
170
What is diffusion?
movement of molecules from a high concentration to a low one
171
What is facilitated diffusion?
When a protein helps a molecule pass through the lipid bilayer
172
A pH increase/decrease of 1 is how many times more basic/acidic?
10 times
173
A pH increase/decrease of 2 is how many times more basic/acidic?
100 times
174
A pH increase/decrease of 3 is how many times more basic/acidic?
1000 times
175
Name the steps of protein synthesis.
Transcription (DNA forms mRNA molecule) | Translation (mRNA meets tRNA & amino acids @ ribosome to make polypeptide chain)
176
Describe the steps of translation in detail.
mRNA meets up with tRNA (which brings amino acids along) in the cytoplasm at the ribosome amino acids line up with mRNA every 3 bases of mRNA makes a codon completed item is a polypeptide chain
177
Where does translation occur?
in the cytoplasm
178
3 bases of mRNA makes what?
a codon
179
What is energy?
The ability to do work.
180
What is the energy currency of cells?
the ATP cycle
181
What does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
182
What are the steps of the ATP cycle?
ADP + P (energy required to form bond) = ATP ATP - P (bond breaking releases energy) = ADP
183
What type of reaction is anabolism?
a building reaction
184
What type of reaction is catabolism?
a breakdown reaction
185
Is hydrolysis anabolic or catabolic?
catabolic
186
Is dehydration anabolic or catabolic?
anabolic
187
Describe hydrolysis.
adding H2O to break bonds
188
Describe dehydration.
removing H2O to create bonds
189
What is oxydation?
loss of electrons
190
What is reduction?
gain of electrons
191
What do enzymes do?
act as catalysts & increase reaction rates
192
All enzymes are ______ (classification)?
proteins
193
What make proteins?
amino acids
194
What are the properties of enzymes?
``` have a specific job have specific shape have optimal pH's & temps they work at reduce activation energy required for a reaction usually end in "ase" ```
195
Describe competitive inhibition.
When a similar molecule gets in enzyme's active site before substrate can
196
Describe non-competitive inhibition.
When another molecule binds to enzyme somewhere other than active site causing it to change shape so that substrate no longer fits
197
What is an allosteric site?
any binding site other than the active site (of enzymes)
198
Where does cellular respiration occur?
on cristae of mitochondria
199
What is the formula for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP
200
What does anaerobic mean?
without oxygen
201
What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis (glucose breaks down to pyruvic acid) Transition Reaction (formation of acetyl coenzyme A) Krebs Cycle NAD+ & FAD+ pick-up/transport electrons to ETC Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
202
What happens to any leftover electrons after cellular respiration?
they bind with O2 to make water
203
What is the final electron acceptor?
O2
204
Which stages of cellular respiration are anaerobic?
Glycolysis and Transition Reaction
205
Which stages of cellular respiration are aerobic?
Krebs cycle NAD+ & FAD+ electron pick-up/transport Electron Transport Chain
206
If no oxygen is available after glycolysis, what happens?
fermentation
207
What are the 2 products of fermentation?
alcohol & lactic acid
208
How many ATPs are made in glycolysis?
2
209
What is the product of glycolysis?
pyruvic acid
210
What is formed during the Transition Reaction?
acetyl coenzyme A
211
How many ATPs are made during the Krebs Cycle?
2
212
How many ATPs are made in the Electron Transport Chain?
32
213
1 glucose yields how many ATPs?
36
214
Name the types of tissue.
Epithelial Connective Muscle Nervous
215
What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
``` lines body absorbs & secretes has glands provides protection does NOT have blood supply protects ```
216
What type of cells are found in epithelial tissue?
cuboid columnar squamous
217
Explain the difference between stratified and simple epithelial tissue?
stratified - has multiple layers & a basement membrane simple- has one layer
218
What are the types of glands?
endocrine & exocrine
219
Describe an exocrine gland.
one that excretes into a duct
220
Describe an endocrine gland.
one that excretes directly into tissue
221
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
binds supports has a matrix (aka ground substance)
222
List some examples of epithelial tissues.
epidermis | mucous & serous membranes
223
What are some examples of connective tissue?
blood cartilage bones adipose
224
What are the types of connective tissue cells?
fibroblasts mast macrophages other (chondroblast, osteoblast, heatopoietic stem cells)
225
What do fibroblasts do?
secrete protein fibers
226
What do mast cells do?
secrete heparin & histamine
227
What do macrophages do?
eat cells (they are phagocytotic)
228
How are connective tissues made?
from fibroblasts
229
Name the types of connective tissue fibers.
Collagenous Elastic Reticular
230
What are collagenous fibers also referred to as?
white fibers
231
What are examples of collagenous fibers?
bone & cartilage
232
What is an example of elastic fibers?
vocal chords
233
Where would you find reticular fibers?
around the eye sockets
234
What does muscle do?
provide movement
235
What are the types of muscles?
smooth skeletal cardiac
236
Which muscle type is voluntary?
skeletal
237
Which type of muscle has intercalated disks?
cardiac
238
What does the nervous system do?
send & receive impulses
239
What are the types of nervous cells?
neurons & neuroglial cells
240
What do neuroglial cells do?
support, nourish & protect neurons
241
What are the major types of membranes?
serous mucous cutaneous synovial
242
Where are serous membranes found?
lining parts of the body that do NOT open to the outside
243
Where are mucous membranes found?
lining parts of the body that DO open to the outside
244
Where are cutaneous membranes found?
epidermis & dermis
245
What kind of tissue are serous & mucous membranes made from?
epithelium
246
What kind of tissue are cutaneous membranes made from?
epithelium & connective tissues
247
What do goblet cells do?
secrete mucus
248
What kind of tissue are synovial membranes made from?
connective
249
What do synovial membranes do?
bind & support
250
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
``` Protection (from pathogens, dehydration) Maintain body temperature Cutaneous sensation (sensor receptors in skin) Metabolic functions (Vit. D production) Blood reservoir Excretion ```
251
Why is vitamin D important?
It allows for calcium absorption.
252
What specific type of cells is the epidermis made of?
stratified squamous epithelium
253
What are the layers of the skin?
epidermis | dermis
254
What is the stratum basale?
The embryonic, innermost layer of the epidermis where new cell growth takes place.
255
Where is the stratum basale located?
just above the basement layer
256
What is the stratum corneum?
The keritanized (dead), outermost layer of the epidermis.
257
Where would you find the basement layer?
on the bottom of epithelial cell layers
258
What is the papillae?
the ridges where the dermis projects up into the dermis
259
What creates fingerprints?
papillae
260
What is collagen and what does it do?
a protein that gives skin elasticity
261
What is keratin?
a waterproofing protein
262
What is melanin?
skin pigment
263
Where does the hair develop/grow from?
hair follicle
264
What is the smooth muscle found in the dermis, attached to the hair follicle, that causes the hair to become erect when cold?
arrector pili muscle
265
What are sebaceous glands?
oil glands
266
What is another term for a sweat gland?
sudoriferous gland
267
What are the 2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands?
eccrine & apocrine
268
Why are eccrine glands activated to cause sweat?
due to increased body temperature
269
Why are apocrine glands activated to cause sweat?
due to stress, nerves, pain, emotions
270
What are 2 types of modified sweat glands?
ceruminous & mammary glands
271
What is cerumin?
wax
272
Where are ceruminous glands located?
external ear canal
273
What do mammary glands do?
create milk via lactation
274
T/F. Stratified squamous epithelium can be found in the epidermis.
T
275
T/F. Smooth muscle can be found in the dermis.
T (arrector pili muscle)
276
What type of cells make bone?
osteoblasts
277
What type of cells make cartilage?
chondroblasts
278
What type of cells make blood?
hematopoietic stem cells
279
What type of cell makes collagen & extracellular matrix of connective tissue?
fibroblasts
280
What is the correct order of the levels of structural hierarchy from lowest to highest?
chemical level, cellular level, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
281
What does the lymphatic system do?
- picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels & returns it to blood - disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream - houses white blood cells involved in immunity
282
What does the respiratory system do?
keeps blood supplied with O2 & removes CO2
283
What does the urinary system do?
- eliminates nitrogenous waste | - regulates water, electrolytes & acid/base balance of the body
284
What is the system responsible for reproduction?
reproductive system
285
What system is responsible for breaking down food into units that are able to be absorbed?
digestive system
286
Which body system protects deeper tissue from injury, makes vitamin D & houses cutaneous receptors/sweat glands/oil glands?
integumentary system
287
Which system stores minerals & forms blood cells?
skeletal system
288
Which system responds to internal & external changes by activating appropriate muscles & glands?
nervous system
289
Which system transports blood (which carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc)?
cardiovascular system
290
What form the framework of the body?
bones
291
What is living tissue supplied by blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves?
bone
292
The skeleton provides structure for the body & _______ for body organs?
protection
293
What is the end of a long bone called?
epiphysis
294
What type of bone is the epiphysis made of?
spongy bone
295
What is the shaft of a bone called?
diaphysis
296
What type of bone is the diaphysis made of?
compact bone
297
Many of the various landmarks on bones are points for _____, _______, & ______ attachments.
tendon, ligament & muscle
298
Some of the landmarks on bones are spaces through which ______ & ______ pass.
nerves & blood vessels
299
What are constructed with fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, or synovial fluid between articulating bones?
joints
300
What is a site where 2 or more bones meet?
joint/articulation
301
What is the most freely movable joint?
ball & socket
302
What disease is characterized by excessive bone deposition & resorption, with resulting bone abnormally high in spongy bone?
Paget's disease
303
What is the name for a number of disorders in adults in which the bone is inadequately mineralized?
osteomalacia
304
What is an inadequate mineralization of bones in children caused by insufficient calcium or vitamin D deficiency.
Rickets
305
What is a group of diseases in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit?
osteoporosis
306
Who is most at risk of osteoporosis?
elderly, postmenopausal, caucasian, women
307
Name 6 functions of bone.
``` support protect movement mineral & growth factor storage hematopoiesis (making blood) fat storage ```
308
How are fractures classified?
Position (displaced/non-displaced) Completeness of break (complete/incomplete) Orientation of break to long axis (linear/transverse) Penetration of skin (open/closed aka compound/simple)
309
What are the 4 major steps in fracture repair?
Hematoma forms (bruise) Fibrocartilaginous callus forms Bony callus forms Bone remodeling occurs
310
What do osteoclasts do?
break down bone
311
Where is yellow marrow found?
diaphysis of long bones (in adults)
312
Where is red marrow found?
- in the epiphysis of long bones & diploe of flat bones in adults - in all of the above plus medullary cavity in infants
313
What is yellow marrow made of?
fat
314
Which marrow is more active in hematopoiesis?
red marrow
315
Which bones of the body are formed by intramembranous bone growth?
skull & clavicles
316
Which bones of the body are formed by endochondral growth?
all bones except the skull & clavicles
317
What layer of tissue lies just below the skin (cutaneous layer)?
hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)
318
Which layer of the integument (skin) contains a blood supply, nerves & sensory receptors?
dermis
319
What is an embryo's skeleton made of?
cartilage & fibrous membranes
320
What kind of ossification occurs when bone develops from fibrous membranes?
intramembranous ossification
321
In intramembranous ossification, what is converted to true bone matrix?
osteoid
322
What are osteoblasts called once they have been trapped in bone matrix and mature?
osteocysts
323
What is the name of the unossified remnants of fibrous membranes in a newborn's skull?
fontanel
324
The human brain expands to what percent of the adult volume during the 1st year of life?
50-70%
325
What type of joint is an adult suture?
synarthrotic (to protect brain)
326
What type of joint is a newborn suture?
amphiarthrotic (to protect brain while still allowing growth)
327
What are the functional classifications of joints?
synarthoses (immovable) amphiarthroses (slightly moveable) diarthroses (freely moveable)
328
What are the structural classifications of joints?
fibrous cartilaginous synovial
329
What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?
syndemosis (inferior tib/fib) suture (skull) gomphosis (teeth roots
330
What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?
symphysis (pubic symphysis) | synchondrosis (growth plate)
331
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
``` gliding (intercarpals) hinge (elbow) pivot (C1-C2) ellipsoid (MCP) saddle (1st CMC) ball & socket (hip) ```
332
What is the coordinating agency for all systems?
nervous system
333
What are the 2 structural divisions of the nervous system?
CNS (central nervous system) | PNS (peripheral nervous system
334
What parts are included in the CNS (central nervous system)?
brain & spinal cord
335
What parts are included in the PNS (peripheral nervous system)?
cranial nerves spinal nerves peripheral nerves (All parts of the nervous system except the brain and spinal cord)
336
What are the components of the nervous system?
neurons & neuroglial cells
337
What are the functioning cells of the nervous system?
neurons
338
What are the non-conducting cells of the nervous system that protect & support neurons?
neuroglial cells
339
What are the 2 types of appendages or arms of a neuron?
dendrites & axons
340
What are the receptors of a neuron called (neuron fibers that conduct impulses to the cell body)?
dendrites
341
What part of a neuron conducts impulses away from the cell body?
axons
342
What is the "reflex arc?"
the complete pathway from stimulus to response
343
What does the receptor (dendrite) do?
detects stimulus
344
What are the afferent neurons called (carry impulse to CNS)?
sensory neurons
345
Where are impulses coordinated & a response to a stimulus organized?
CNS (central nervous system)
346
What are the efferent neurons called (carry impulse away from CNS)?
motor neurons
347
What is the muscle or gland outside CNS (central nervous system) that carries out the "response?"
effector

XRAY A&P (4 decks)

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