Muscles

Question 1

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue.

Answer 1

smooth cardiac skeletal

Question 2

Where is smooth muscle found?

Answer 2

walls of visceral organs (except heart) eye muscles airways

Question 3

What attaches muscle to bone?

Answer 3

tendons

Question 4

What attaches bone to bone?

Answer 4

ligaments

Question 5

What provides the energy to power muscles?

Answer 5

ATP

Question 6

Muscle contraction results from what?

Answer 6

the sliding together of thick myosin & thin actin filaments within the muscle cell

Question 7

Which muscle filament is thick?

Answer 7

myosin

Question 8

Which muscle filament is thin?

Answer 8

actin

Question 9

Do skeletal muscles act alone or in pairs/groups?

Answer 9

pairs/groups

Question 10

What do we call the skeletal muscle that is most responsible for a given movement?

Answer 10

agonist or prime mover

Question 11

What are the muscles that work in cooperation with the agonist/prime mover called?

Answer 11

synergists

Question 12

What is the muscle that produces the opposite movement of the agonist/prime mover called?

Answer 12

antagonist

Question 13

Muscles respond to what?

Answer 13

nerve impulses

Question 14

Where do muscles receive nerve impulses?

Answer 14

neuromuscular junctions

Question 15

What is secreted at neuromuscular junctions?

Answer 15

neurotransmitters

Question 16

Explain what causes stimulation of a muscle fiber?

Answer 16

Nerve impulse travels from nerve to muscle cell at neuromuscular junction neurotransmitter is secreted & is diffused across the junction neurotransmitter stimulates muscle fiber

Question 17

What neurotransmitter do motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle?

Answer 17

acetylcholine

Question 18

Muscles working under anaerobic conditions produce what?

Answer 18

lactic acid

Question 19

What chemical causes muscle fatigue?

Answer 19

lactic acid

Question 20

What is the end of a muscle that is attached to a moving part called?

Answer 20

insertion

Question 21

What is the end of a muscle that is attached to a fixed point called?

Answer 21

origin

Question 22

What are the functional units of muscle fibers called?

Answer 22

sarcomeres

Question 23

In a lever system, what is the lever?

Answer 23

a bar

Question 24

What is a fulcrum?

Answer 24

the fixed point in a lever system

Question 25

What is the applied force in a lever system called?

Answer 25

effort

Question 26

In a lever system, what is the load?

Answer 26

some form of resistance

Question 27

What is an example of a fulcrum in the body?

Answer 27

joints

Question 28

What is an example of a lever in the body?

Answer 28

a bone

Question 29

What is an example of an effort in the body?

Answer 29

muscle contraction

Question 30

What is an example of a load in the body?

Answer 30

the weight of the bone itself along with overlying tissues

Question 31

What is the contractile response of a single muscle fiber to a muscle impulse?

Answer 31

muscle twitch

Question 32

What are the important ions in the nervous system?

Answer 32

sodium & potassium

Question 33

What is it called when many action potentials are triggered in a motor neuron, resulting in a contraction of increasing strength?

Answer 33

a sustained contraction

Question 34

Slow twitch (red fibers) muscle fibers

Answer 34

dependent on O2 and are fatigue resistant.

Question 35

Fast Twitch (white fibers) muscle fibers

Answer 35

anaerobic, contract and fatigue rapidly; found in hands and eyes

Question 36

Describe muscle tone

Answer 36

results from a continuous state of partial contraction; important in maintaining your posture

Question 37

Describe Isometric Contractions

Answer 37

Contract with no movement; example is pushing against something

Question 38

Describe Isotonic Contractions

Answer 38

contraction with muscle shortening, example is lifting a weight

Question 39

What is all or none response?

Answer 39

muscle will respond completely or not at all; stimulus must surpass threshold to illicit response, response will be a complete contraction or none at all

Question 40

Are voluntary muscles controlled by the somatic or autonomic nervous system?

Answer 40

somatic

Question 41

Are involuntary muscles controlled by the somatic or autonomic nervous system?

Answer 41

autonomic

Question 42

Is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 42

voluntary

Question 43

Is smooth muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 43

involuntary

Question 44

Is cardiac muscle voluntary or involuntary?

Answer 44

involuntary

Question 45

List the skeletal muscle structure in order from the outside to the inside.

Answer 45

Aponeurosis (covers groups of muscles) Fascia (covers single muscle) Epimysium Perimysium Fascicles Endomysium Muscle Fibers

Question 46

List structure of muscle fibers from the outside to the inside.

Answer 46

Sarcolemma Myofibrils Sarcomeres Actin & Myosin

Question 47

Which filament is thin?

Answer 47

actin

Question 48

Which filament is thick?

Answer 48

myosin

Question 49

What is the contracting, functioning unit of a muscle fiber?

Answer 49

sarcomeres

Question 50

Sarcomeres have what 4 qualities?

Answer 50

A bands I bands H zones Z lines

Question 51

List the steps to muscle contraction.

Answer 51

Muscle is at rest (polarized) Stimulus from nerve (threshold stimulus) Depolarization (Na+ channels open/Na+ flows in - action potential travels along) Repolarization (K channels open/K flows out - membrane returns to negative resting potential/polarized state)

Question 52

What is metabolism?

Answer 52

All chemical processes occuring in the body

Question 53

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 53

adenosine triphosphate

Question 54

Why is ATP important to muscles?

Answer 54

It is required to make muscles work.

Question 55

What is oxidation?

Answer 55

the loss of electrons

Question 56

What is reduction?

Answer 56

a gain of electrons

Question 57

Where does cellular respiration occur?

Answer 57

in the mitochondria

Question 58

What are the steps of cellular respiration?

Answer 58

glycolysis (pyruvic acid) / \ O2 present lack of O2 / / \ transition reaction alcohol lactic acid (acetyl coenzyme A) / Krebs Cycle / electrons picked up by NAD & FAD / electron transport chain (32 ATP made - 36 total)

Question 59

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

Answer 59

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP

Question 60

# Define homeostasis.

Answer 60

the ability to maintain a constant internal environment regardless of external conditions

Question 61

List order of steps of homeostatic control.

Answer 61

**_stimulus_** (↑ or ↓ of body temp) is received by **_receptors_** (temp. sensitive receptors in skin) _input_ is sent via _afferent pathway_ to **_control center_** (brain) control center decides if stimulus crosses threshold (if so) control center sends _output_ via the _efferent_ pathway to **_effector_** (sweat glands/skeletal muscles) **_response_** (sweat evaporation & ↓ temp/shivering & ↑ temp) causes end of stimulus

Question 62

How many cranial, spinal nerves are there?

Answer 62

12

Question 63

How many spinal nerves are there total?

Answer 63

31

Question 64

How many cervical, spinal nerves are there?

Answer 64

8

Question 65

How many thoracic, spinal nerves are there?

Answer 65

12

Question 66

How many lumbar, spinal nerves are there?

Answer 66

5

Question 67

How many sacral, spinal nerves are there?

Answer 67

5

Question 68

How many coxygeal, spinal nerves are there?

Answer 68

1