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Spring 2024 > A&P2 > Flashcards

A&P2 Flashcards

(72 cards)

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1
Q

What is contained in the mediastinum?

A

Large veins and arteries of Heart, Heart, Aortic Arch

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1
Q

Where does the top of the lungs go up to?

A

base of the neck, past the first 1 rib

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2
Q

What do intercostal muscles assist with?

A

Inspiring and Expiring

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3
Q

How many sets of intercostal muscles do we have?

A

2

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4
Q

Where do the scalene muscles connect?

A
  1. C-Spine
  2. Ribs 1 or 2
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5
Q

Where is the anterior scalene muscle connected?

A

C3-C7 and Rib 1

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6
Q

Where is the posterior scalene muscle connected?

A

C5-C7 and Rib 2

Lowest and most lateral

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7
Q

Where is the middle scalene muscle connected?

A

C3-C6 and Rib 1

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8
Q

What muscles connect the neck spine to the top of the thorax?

A

Scalene muscles; prevent the ribcage from being pulled out and stabilize ribcage

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9
Q

Where are the leaflets of the diaphragm anchored?

A

Bodies of the L-spine; this is what they pull on when they contract

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the central tendon?

A

Place for the heart to sit on

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11
Q

What nerve is most proximal to the phrenic nerve?

A

Vagus

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12
Q

What three 3 structures run through the diaphragm?

A
  1. IVC - Caval aperture - most anterior
  2. Esophagus - esophageal aperture
  3. Abdominal aorta - aortic aperture - most posterior
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13
Q

Why is the left lung smaller?

A

To have enough space in the chest for the heart

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14
Q

What are the three lobes of the right lung?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Middle
  3. Inferior
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15
Q

What are the lobes of the left lung?

A
  1. Superior
  2. Inferior
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16
Q

Where is the horizontal fissure?

A

Between the superior and middle loves of the R lung?

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17
Q

Where are the oblique fissures?

A

Between in the middle and inferior lobes on the R and L lungs

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18
Q

What is the fibrous coating of the lungs?

A

Parietal pleura; has coating of muscles that allows the lungs to slide around during respiration

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19
Q

How much can the base of the lung fluctuate position?

A

2 or 3 cms

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20
Q

Where is most of the lung tissue?

A

The posterior portion of the chest; this is why we listen to lung sounds on the back

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21
Q

What does each segment of the lung have?

A
  1. Airway
  2. Major blood vessels
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22
Q

How many segments of lung do we have when we’re young?

A

10

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23
Q

When we get older what sections of the lung change?

A

4 segments in the left lung fuse into 2 segments

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24
How many segments are in each lung?
10 on the right lung, 8 on the left
25
Why do we have a sharp angle with the bronchus on the left side?
To make room for the heart
26
What is the generation of the trachea? Right and left bronchus?
0 ; 1
27
What is the anatomical name for the atom's apple?
Laryngeal prominence
28
What gives males a lower tone of voice? Why?
Laryngeal prominence; is larger in men and increases the length of the vocal chords, which gives lower-pitched sounds
29
What fastens the larynx on the trachea?
Cricoid cartilage
30
What connects the hyoid bone to the thyroid cartilage?
Thyrohyoid membrane
31
What closes the airway to swallow food?
Voicebox travels superior allowing epiglottis to seal off the top of the airway
32
What nerve controls the muscles that control the shape of the chords?
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
33
What generation do the bronchioles start?
4
34
What generation is the terminal bronchioles?
16
35
Which generation is where gas exchange starts?
17
36
Which generations don't have alveoli? What is it called?
0-16; the conduction zone
37
What generations are included in the transitional and respiratory zones?
17-23
38
Generations 17, 18, and 19 are known as?
Respiratory bronchioles
39
Generations 20-22 are known as?
Alveolar ducts
40
What generation contains alveolar sacs?
23
41
Which generation types do the transitional and respiratory zones contain?
1. Respiratory bronchioles 2. Alveolar ducts 3. Alveolar sacs
42
Which portion of the airway has the smallest cross-sectional area? The largest?
Bronchi; alveolar sacs
43
What structures are part of the conducting zone?
1. Trachea 2. Bronchi 3. Bronchioles 4. Terminal bronchioles
44
Where is our anatomical dead space?
Conducting zone
45
What is the difference between the alveolar ducts and the alveolar sacs?
Ducts have an outlet somewhere. Can go deeper in or back out.
46
What is the total surface area for gas exchange of all the alveoli in the lungs?
70 m2
47
What is the limiting factor for performance?
Heart
48
What are the two states of hemoglobin?
Oxyhemoglobin and Deoxyhemoglobin
49
Decreased amount of O2 at the level of a tissue?
Hypoxia
50
Decreased amount of O2 in the blood (art)
Hypoxemia
51
Where do we use cmH2O? Why?
Low pressures in the chest; it works better to use a unit of measurement that has less density than mercury
52
P-C-a-A-VO2-Vt
Pressure Content Arterial Alveolar Volume of O2 /min Ventilation
53
What is a normal Vt?
500mL or 0.5L
54
What is a normal residual volume (RV)? What is it?
1.5 L ; Amount of air in the respiratory system that we can't remove through normal means
55
What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)? What is the normal value?
The amount of extra air that we can push out of the lungs before we run into our residual volume; 1.5 L
56
What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)? What is the normal value?
Amount of air we can inspire on top of a normal inspiratory volume; 2.5 L
57
What are capacities?
Combinations of more than one volume
58
What is total lung capacity (TLC)? What is the normal for a healthy adult?
The most amount of air we can put into our system under maximal effort; 6 L
59
What two capacities comprise total lung capacity (TLC)? What's the normal value?
Inspiratory Capacity (IC) and Functional Residual Capacity (FRC); 3 L
60
What volumes make up the working capacity or vital capacity? What's the normal volume?
Sum of 3 volumes: Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve, and Expiratory Reserve; 4.5 L
61
What volumes make up the inspiratory capacity (IC)? What's the normal capacity?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume & Tidal Volume; 3 L
62
What volumes comprise the functional residual capacity (FRC)? What is the normal value?
1. Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 2. Residual Volume (RV) 1.5 L
63
What are the 4 lung capacities? What are their volumes?
1. Total Lung Capacity (TLC) / 6 L 2. Inspiratory Capacity (IC) / 3 L 3. Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) / 3 L 4. Vital Capacity (VC) / 4.5 L
64
What's normal atmosphere pressure?
Patm (1 atm) = 7760 mmHg or torrs
65
What causes Patm?
Weight of all the air and stuff between us and outerspace.
66
What is chest pressure? What are the units?
Pleural Pressure or PIPor PPL; cmH2O-5
67
What is the elastic recoil pressure? What is the normal value?
PEL and PER; -5 cmH20
68
Transmural Pressure
Differences in pressures that are seperated by a wall
69
Transpulmonary Pressure (PTP)
A specific type of transmural pressure that describes a pressure difference between the alveoli and the pleural pressure.
70
What is the formula for transpulmonary pressure?
PTP = PA - PIP
71
What does it mean to have a high and low transpulmonary pressure (PTP)
PTP high = more pressure to pull air into the lungs PTP low = not as much pressure to fill lungs

Spring 2024 (9 decks)

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