A2 FP1 : Early Foreign Policy, 1558 - 1564 Flashcards
(11 cards)
Conceptual Awareness
What was the international situation like upon Elizabeth’s accession?
When Elizabeth came to the throne England was in conflict with Fracne. Not only had this war gone very badly for England following the loss of Calais but it had also extremelu weakened the Crown’s finances.
Conceptual Awareness
What were Elizabeth’s aims for her foreign policy at the beginning of her reign?
- Secure England’s national interest against Spain, France and Scotland
- Secure trade through antwerp
- Secure marriage and succession
How did England deal with the continuing war with France?
Elizabeth wanted to extricate England from this war and, fortunately, the financial state of both France and Spain meant that neither Philip nor Henry II could continue the fight.
- Treaty of Cateau Cambrésis, April 1559, French would retain calais for 8 years but would be restored to the English provided the English kept peace in the meantime.
- If France failed to restore Calais, they would pay 500,000 crowns.
- However, this was a peace treaty between the French and Spanish, thereby threatening England’s security.
Conceptual Awareness
Why did problems emerge for England in both Scotland and France?
Death of Henri II led to Francis II and his wife, Mary Queen of Scots, taking the throne in 1559.
- MQoS was a claimant to the throne, the accession also brought the strongly catholic guise faction to power in France.
- France sent troops to Scotland to support the regent Mary of Guise.
Protestant Lords deposed Mary of Guise
Scotland
Who supported English intervention in Scotland?
Cecil strongly supported the intervention as he sympathised with the religious predicament of the Scottish protestants and knew that England would be more secure without a French force on the border + sought the removal of MQoS.
Threatened to resign over the issue.
Scotland
What and when was the Treaty of Berwick?
The Treaty of Berwick, 1560, was a treaty between England and the Protestant Lords in Scotland who offered conditional support if an English armu was sent north.
Scotland
What happened as a result of the Treaty of Berwick?
French withdrawal from Scotland resulted in the death of Mary of Guise ;
The Treaty of Edinburgh was signed, the French agreed to withdraw from Scotland, leaving only a force ; the Lords of the Congregation were accepted as a provisional concillor government.
MQoS returned to Scotland in 1569 however she was forced to accept the religious and political supremacy of the protestant lords.
Scotland
What happened as a result of English intervention in Scotland?
- Interests of Scottish protestants had been protected and the political significance of Mary Queen of Scots had been reduced.
- Elizabeth was conscious that her success had been achieved through good fortune (the death of Francis) and she vowed to proceed more carefully in the future.
- The Scottish problem had been resolved without a war in France.
- Elizabeth was seen as the protectress of Protestant rebels, making relationship with France + Spain more difficult.
France
When did the French religious wars break out, what impact did this have on England?
The French religious wars broke out in March 1562, Robert Dudley encouraged Elizabeth to put military pressure on the French Crown when it was relatively weak in order to secure the return of Calais.
- A united France under the Catholic Guise Family was not in English interests.
France
What and when was the Treaty of Hampton Court?
The Treaty of Hampton Court, 1562, Elizabeth promised the protestant rebels, the Huguenots’ leader - The Prince of Condé, 60,000 men and £80,000.
France
What came about from English intervention in France?
The Huguenot army was defeated and Condé was captured, on the Catholic side the Duke of Guise was killed ‘ both sides made peace and united to drive the English out of Le Harve in 1565.
- Elizabeth forced to sign the unfavorable Treaty of Troyes,
