A2.2 Cell structure

Question 1

A2.2.1 NOS: Deductive reason can be used to generate predictions from theories. Explain using cell theory as an example

Answer 1

Based on cell theory, a newly discovered organism can be predicted to consist of one or more cells

Question 2

A2.2.2 AOS: Making temporary mounts of cells and tissues, staining, measuring sizes using an eyepiece graticule, focusing with coarse and fine adjustments, calculating actual size and magnification, producing a scale bar, and taking photographs

Question 3

A2.2.2 NOS: Measurements using instruments is a form of quantitative observation

Question 4

A2.2.3 Advantages of electron microscopy

Question 5

A2.2.3 Advantages of freeze fracture

Question 6

A2.2.3 Advantages of cryogenic electron microscopy

Question 7

A2.2.3 Use of fluorescent stains

Question 8

A2.2.3 Use of immunofluorescence in light microscopy

Question 9

A2.2.4 Typical cells have _____ as genetic material and _____ composed mainly of water, which is enclosed by a _____ composed of lipids

Answer 9

DNA, cytoplasm, plasma membrane

Question 10

A2.2.4 Reasons for cell structures

Question 11

A2.2.5 Prokaryotic cell structures

Answer 11

Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, naked DNA in a loop, and 70S ribosomes

Question 12

A2.2.5 Examples of Gram-positive eubacteria

Answer 12

Bacillus, Staphylococcus

Question 13

A2.2.5 Prokaryote cell structure _____

Answer 13

Varies (not required to know details, e.g. lack of cell walls in phytoplasmas and mycoplasma)

Question 14

A2.2.6 Components of eukaryote cells

Answer 14

-Plasma membrane enclosing a compartmentalized cytoplasm with 80S ribosomes
-Nucleus with chromosomes made of DNA bound to histones, contained in a double membrane with pores
-Membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and a variety of vesicles or vacuoles including lysosomes
-Cytoskeleton of microtubules and microfilaments

Question 15

A2.2.7 Processes of life

Answer 15

-Homeostasis
-Metabolism
-Nutrition
-Movement
-Excretion
-Growth
-Response to stimuli
-Reproduction

Question 16

A2.2.8 Differences in eukaryotic cell structure between animals, fungi, and plants

Answer 16

-Presence and composition of cell walls
-Differences in size and function of vacuoles
-Presence of chloroplasts and other plastids
-Presence of centrioles, cilia, and flagella

Question 17

A2.2.9 Atypical cell structure in eukaryotes

Answer 17

-Number of nuclei

Question 18

A2.2.9 Examples of atypical cells

Answer 18

-Aseptate fungal hyphae
-Skeletal muscle
-Red blood cells
-Phloem sieve tube elements

Question 19

A2.2.10 AOS: Identify cells in light and electron micrographs as prokaryotes, plant, or animal

Question 20

A2.2.10 Identify nucleoid region, prokaryotic cell wall, nucleus, mitochondrion, chloroplast, sap vacuole, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, chromosomes, ribosomes, cell wall, plasma membrane, and microvilli, in electron micrographs

Question 21

A2.2.11 AOS: Draw and annotate diagrams of organelles (nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, sap vacuole, Golgi apparatus, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and chromosomes) and other cell structures (cell wall, plasma membrane, secretory vesicles, microvilli) in electron micrographs

Question 22

A2.2.11 Function of nucleus

Question 23

A2.2.11 Function of mitochondria

Question 24

A2.2.11 Function of chloroplasts

Question 25

A2.2.11 Function of sap vacuole

Question 26

A2.2.11 Function of Golgi apparatus

Question 27

A2.2.11 Function of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 28

A2.2.11 Function of chromosomes

Question 29

A2.2.11 Function of cell wall

Question 30

A2.2.11 Function of plasma membrane

Question 31

A2.2.11 Function of secretory vesicles

Question 32

A2.2.11 Function of microvilli

Question 33

A2.2.12 Evidence suggests that all eukaryotes evolved from a common _____ ancestor that had a _____ and reproduced _____

Answer 33

Unicellular, nucleus, sexually

Question 34

A2.2.12 Mitochondria evolved by _____

Answer 34

Endosymbiosis

Question 35

A2.2.12 Evidence of endosymbiosis

Answer 35

-Presence of 70S ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts -Naked circular DNA -Ability to replicate

Question 35

A2.2.12 In some eukaryotes, chloroplasts had an _____ origin

Answer 35

Endosymbiotic

Question 36

A2.2.12 NOS: Strength of a theory comes from the observations the theory explains and the predictions it supports. Explain using the theory of endosymbiosis as an example

Answer 36

A wide range of observations are accounted for by the theory of endosymbiosis

Question 37

A2.2.13 The basis for cell differentiation is different patterns of _____ often triggered by changes in the _____

Answer 37

Gene expression, environment

Question 38

A2.2.14 Multicellularity has evolved _____

Answer 38

Repeatedly

Question 39

A2.2.14 Many fungi and eukaryotic algae and all plants and animals are _____

Answer 39

Multicellular

Question 40

A2.2.14 Advantages of multicellularity

Answer 40

-Allows larger body size -Cell specialization

Question 41

A2.2 Guiding Q: What are the features common to all cells and the features that differ?

Question 42

A2.2 Guiding Q: How is microscopy used to investigate cell structure?

Question 43

A2.2 Linking Q: What explains the use of certain molecular building blocks in all living cells?

Question 44

A2.2 Linking Q: What are the features of a compelling theory?