A3- Cardiovascular and respiratory system

Question 1

What does the plasma transport

Answer 1

Transports Most of the carbon dioxide
Transports Urea from liver to kidneys
TransportsProducts of digestion
Transports Small soluble products from digestion to cells

Question 2

What does the red blood cells do

Answer 2

Transport most of the oxygen
Oxygen+ haemoglobin= oxyhemoglobin

Question 3

What does platelets do

Answer 3

Helps blood clot at a wound

Question 4

What does white blood cells do

Answer 4

Defends the blood against microorganisms- detects foreign material and destroys it

Question 5

What is tissues and example

Answer 5

A group of cells with similar structures and functions working together eg muscle tissue

Question 6

What is an organ and example

Answer 6

Made up from tissues can often contain more than one type of tissue working together eg heart

Question 7

What is an organ system and example

Answer 7

A group of organs working together to perform a particular function where digestive system

Question 8

What does the pulmonary artery do( left)

Answer 8

Take deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 9

What does the Aorta do (right side)

Answer 9

Takes oxygenated blood from heart around the body

Question 10

What does the pulmonary vein do (left side)

Answer 10

Takes oxygenated blood from lungs to the heart

Question 11

What is the pulmonary circulation

Answer 11

Deoxygenated blood in the right side of heart pumped to lungs to exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen for with air

Question 12

What is Systemic circulation

Answer 12

Oxygenated blood in the left side of heart pumped around the body

Question 13

What does the coronary arteries do

Answer 13

Deliver oxygenated blood to cardiac muscle (heart)

Question 14

What does atrioventricular valves do

Answer 14

Prevents black flow of blood from ventricles to atria

Question 15

What does the semilunar valves do

Answer 15

Prevents black flow of blood from arteries to ventricles

Question 16

What is innervation

Answer 16

Sympathetic NS - speed up
Parasympathetic NS - slows down

Question 17

What does arteries do

Answer 17

Carry blood away from heart around

Question 18

Arteries- structure

Answer 18

Thick muscular walls
Elastic walls to enable vessels to stretch and recoil to keep blood flowing
High blood pressure

Question 19

Arterioles

Answer 19

Receive blood from arteries and carry blood to capillaries

Question 20

What does capillaries do

Answer 20

Exchange substances with our cells ( nutrients and oxygen) and take away waste products

Question 21

Capillaries structure

Answer 21

Wall is one cell thick
Link arterioles and venules
Slow blood flow
Little pressure

Question 22

Venules

Answer 22

Receive blood from capillaries

Question 23

What do veins do

Answer 23

Carry blood to heart

Question 24

Veins structure

Answer 24

Valves preventing back flow of blood
Thin muscular walls
Wide lumen
Small layer of elastic fibres and smooth muscle

Question 25

Control of the heart

Answer 25

Electrical impulses are emitted from the sinoartial node The impulses spread across the atria causing them to contract this is called atrial systole Impulses travel to the atrioventricular node where there is a small delay so blood can leave the atria completely Impulses then travel down the Bundle of His and along the purkyne fibres to the base of the heart This causes the ventricles to contracts which is called ventricular systole

Question 26

What is the pulmonary and systemic circulation

Answer 26

Double circulation

Question 27

Where is the sinoatrial node found and what is it

Answer 27

Right atrium and it’s acts as a pacemaker of the heart

Question 28

What does the sinoatrial node do

Answer 28

Generates a wave of depolarisation causing the heart to contract

Question 29

chemoreceptors (carbon dioxide)

Answer 29

1) increased muscular/ metabolic activity 2) more carbon dioxide profuse by tissue by increased respiration 3)Blood pH is lowered 4) chemoreceptors in the carotid arteries and aorta increase frequency of impulses to the medulla oblongata (MO) 5) the centre that speeds up HR in the MO increases frequency of impulses to the sinoatrial node(SAN) via sympathetic NS 6)SAN increases HR 7) increased blood flow removes carbon dioxide faster 8) carbon dioxide concentration return back to normal

Question 30

What happens when blood pressure is too high

Answer 30

Pressure receptors (Baroreceptors) send impulses to the Medulla oblongata This is via the parasympathetic NS This sends impulses to the SAN Heart rate decrease

Question 31

What happens when blood pressure is too low

Answer 31

Pressure receptors send impulses to the Medulla oblongata This is via the sympathetic NS This send impulses to the SAN Heart rate increases

Question 32

What is the normal reading for blood pressure

Answer 32

120/80 mmHg

Question 33

What is hypotension and the reading

Answer 33

Low blood pressure reading below 90/60mmHg is hypotension

Question 34

What is hypertension and reading

Answer 34

Hypertension is high blood pressure reading above 140/90mmHg is sending as hypertension

Question 35

What are risk factors and symptoms of hypotension

Answer 35

Risk factors- genetics, diabetes, pregnancy Symptoms- dizzy, blurred vision, confusion

Question 36

What are risk factors and symptoms and hypertension

Answer 36

Risk factors- age being over 65 and being overweight/ lack of exercise Symptoms- no symptoms but if untreated can contribute to coronary heart disease or strokes

Question 37

What is coronary heart disease caused by

Answer 37

Blockage in the coronary arteries which restricts blood flow to the heart and prevents it from contracting properly

Question 38

Risk factors and symptoms of coronary heart disease

Answer 38

Risk factors- smoking and high cholesterol Symptoms- chest pain that spread to left arm, neck, jaw and heart failure/ attack

Question 39

What is a stroke caused by

Answer 39

A blood clot in a blood vessel carrying blood to the brain or in the brain or a bursting of a weakened blood vessel in the brain

Question 40

Risk factors and symptoms of a stroke

Answer 40

Risk factors- high level of cholesterol in blood , smoking Symptoms- (FAST) Face droop, Arms unable to pick anything up, Speech can’t speak, Time call 999 other symptoms- paralysis and blurred vision

Question 41

What is COPD cause by

Answer 41

Group of conditions that affect the lungs and causes breathing problem that can worsen over time limiting normal activity Emphysema( damage to alveoli) Chronic bronchitis ( long term inflammation of the bronchus

Question 42

Risk factors and symptoms of COPD

Answer 42

Risk factors- smoking, exposure to dust, airs pollution Symptoms- shortness of breath even when asleep, persistent chesty cough

Question 43

Ventilation

Answer 43

Trachea beaches into two bronchi, left and right bronchus. The bronchi branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles that have alveoli at the end of

Question 44

What is the alveoli

Answer 44

Site of gas exchange between air and the blood

Question 45

How is alveoli adapted to its function

Answer 45

Highly folded so they have a large surface area for increased diffusion of gases alveolus wall is one cell thick made of of squamous epithelium meaning they provide a short distance for diffusion for faster gas exchange

Question 46

Inspiration

Answer 46

The external intercostal muscle contracts The rib cage move up and out The diaphragm contract and moved down These actions increase the volume in the chest cavity This means that pressure inside the chest cavity decreases Air moves from high atmospheric air pressure to low chest cavity air pressure

Question 47

Expiration

Answer 47

The external intercostal muscle relaxes The rib cage moves down and in The diaphragm relaxes and moves up These action decreases the volume in the chest cavity This mean the pressure inside the chest cavity increases Are moved out from high chest cavity air pressure to low atmospheric pressure