A4- Digestive and excretory system

Question 1

What is the effect of less ADH on the walls of the collecting duct?

Answer 1

walls are less permeable and more urine produced

Question 2

What is the result of decreased water potential of blood?

Answer 2

More ADH released from pituitary gland

Question 3

What happens to urine production when less ADH is released?

Answer 3

More urine produced

With less water reabsorbed into the blood, more water is excreted as urine.

Question 4

What is detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus?

Answer 4

Changes in water potential of blood

Osmoreceptors detect increases or decreases in blood water potential, influencing ADH release.

Question 5

What effect does more ADH have on the walls of the collecting duct?

Answer 5

More permeable

Increased ADH makes the walls of the collecting duct more permeable, allowing more water reabsorption.

Question 6

What is the consequence of more water being reabsorbed into the blood?

Answer 6

Less urine produced

When more water is reabsorbed, the volume of urine produced decreases.

Question 7

How is high blood pressure caused

Answer 7

Large volumes of ADH secretion

Question 8

What is the structure of the stomach?

Answer 8

Has muscular walls and gastric pits

Question 9

What is the function of the stomach?

Answer 9

Bag with strong muscles. Food is mixed with acid and protease enzyme

Question 10

What is the structure of the pancreas?

Answer 10

Has a pancreatic duct leading to the duodenum

Question 11

What are the functions of the pancreas?

Answer 11

Contains both exocrine glands and endocrine glands

The pancreas plays a crucial role in digestion and blood sugar regulation.

Question 12

What do the exocrine glands in the pancreas secrete?

Answer 12

Digestive enzymes via the pancreatic duct

These enzymes help in the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.

Question 13

What do the endocrine glands in the pancreas secrete?

Answer 13

Insulin and glucagon into the blood to regulate blood glucose levels

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The pancreas regulates blood glucose levels by secreting _______ and _______.

Answer 14

insulin and glucagon

These hormones have opposing effects on blood sugar levels.

Question 15

What is the structure of the gall bladder

Answer 15

Under liver with bile duct that leads to pancreatic duct

Question 16

What is the function of the gall bladder

Answer 16

Stores bile produced by liver

Question 17

What is the structure of the duodenum

Answer 17

First 25cm of small intestine, curves from stomach around the pancreas

Question 18

What is the function of the duodenum

Answer 18

Connects stomach to small intestine and site of neutralisation

Question 19

What is the structure of the Ileum

Answer 19

Majority of the small intestine, highly folded into villi with vase blood supply

Question 20

What is the function of the Ileum

Answer 20

microvilli- site of absorption of products of digestion

Question 21

What is the structure of colon

Answer 21

Very muscular walls

Question 22

What is the function of colon

Answer 22

Site of water absorption, pushes faeces to the rectum

Question 23

What does digestion mean

Answer 23

Breaks down large molecules into smaller ones

Question 24

What does absorption mean

Answer 24

How digested food molecules are taken into blood and cells

Question 25

What does assimilation mean

Answer 25

How products of digestion are used in the cells

Question 26

How is protein digested

Answer 26

Protein is digested into amino acids

Question 27

How is protein absorbed

Answer 27

Protein is absorbed in small intestine and kidneys by co-transport, active transport and facilitated diffusion

Question 28

How is protein assimilated

Answer 28

To make more proteins we need eg hormones

Question 29

How is carbohydrates digested

Answer 29

Amylase breaks down starch into maltose

Question 30

How is carbohydrates absorbed

Answer 30

In small intestine by facilitated diffusion and co-transport

Question 31

How is carbohydrates assimilated

Answer 31

Stored as glycogen in liver and muscle and excess stored as fat

Question 32

How is lipids digested

Answer 32

Lipase breaks down lipids into fatty acid and glycerol

Question 33

How is lipids absorbed

Answer 33

Simple diffusion in small intestine

Question 34

How is lipids assimilated

Answer 34

When running low on glucose lipids can be used in respiration

Question 35

How is BMI measured

Answer 35

Weight(kg) ————— Height m2

Question 36

What health issues if BMI is too high

Answer 36

Type 2 diabetes Stroke

Question 37

What health issues if BMI is too low

Answer 37

Anaemia Palpitations

Question 38

Why do we need water in our diet

Answer 38

Bring nutrients to cell Get rid of waste such as urea Lack of water leads to dehydration, sweat cannot be produced leading to hypothermia

Question 39

Why do we need vitamins in our diet

Answer 39

Help fight infections Lack of vitamins cause fatigue, dry skin and pore wound healing

Question 40

What does the vitamins help with

Answer 40

Vitamin A- eyes Vitamin D- mental health, bones Vitamin E- skin, heart Vitamin K- blood clotting Vitamin B- respiration

Question 41

When is type 1 diabetes usually diagnosed

Answer 41

Usually born with it

Question 42

What is type 1 diabetes

Answer 42

When pancreas doesn’t produce insulin because immune system attacks pancreatic beta cells

Question 43

What do people with type 1 diabetes need

Answer 43

Need to inject themselves with insulin

Question 44

When is type 2 diabetes usually diagnosed

Answer 44

Later on in life middle age

Question 45

What is type 2 diabetes

Answer 45

Insulin is still being produced but body becomes resistant to insulin

Question 46

How is type 2 diabetes regulated

Answer 46

Regulation of diet, exercise and having a good diet

Question 47

What medication can help with type 2 diabetes

Answer 47

Metformin

Question 48

What are the causes of type 2 diabetes

Answer 48

Being obese, lack of exercise and high sugar diet

Question 49

What is the job of amylase

Answer 49

To break down starch into maltose

Question 50

Where is amylase produced

Answer 50

Salivary gland and pancreas

Question 51

Where does amylase work

Answer 51

Mouth and duodenum

Question 52

What pH does amylase need to work

Answer 52

pH7 and 8

Question 53

What is the job of lipase

Answer 53

Break down lipids into fatty acid and glycerol

Question 54

Where is lipase produced

Answer 54

Pancreas

Question 55

Where does lipase work

Answer 55

Duodenum

Question 56

What is the pH that lipase need to work

Answer 56

pH 8

Question 57

What is the job of trypsin

Answer 57

Break down proteins into amino acids

Question 58

Where is trypsin produced

Answer 58

Pancreas

Question 59

Where does trypsin work

Answer 59

Duodenum

Question 60

What is the pH trypsin needs to work

Answer 60

pH 8

Question 61

What is the job of pepsin

Answer 61

Breaks down protein into amino acids

Question 62

Where is pepsin produced

Answer 62

Stomach

Question 63

Where does pepsin work

Answer 63

Stomach

Question 64

What is the pH pepsin needs to work

Answer 64

pH 2

Question 65

Structure of the kidney

Answer 65

2 bean shaped organs about the size of a fist below the rib cage

Question 66

Function of the kidneys

Answer 66

Filter waste products and excess water from the blood

Question 67

Structure of ureter

Answer 67

Muscular tubes made of smooth muscle fibres

Question 68

Function of ureter

Answer 68

Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder

Question 69

Structure of nephron

Answer 69

Microscopic structure found in the kidneys

Question 70

Function of nephron

Answer 70

Filter blood to remove waste products

Question 71

Structure of bladder

Answer 71

Hollow muscular organ

Question 72

Function of bladder

Answer 72

Stores urine until it is released into the urethra

Question 73

Structure of urethra

Answer 73

Hollow tube lined with a layer of epithelial cells

Question 74

Function of urethra

Answer 74

Carries urine from the bladder and out the body

Question 75

Why do we need fibre in our diets

Answer 75

Lower blood cholesterol level helps prevent constipation Lack of Fibre lead to constipation

Question 76

Why do we need minerals in our diet

Answer 76

Keep your bones and heart working properly Lack of mineral leads to weak bones, decreased immune system

Question 77

What is calorie controlled diet

Answer 77

Help people loose weight reducing average fairly calorie intake without malnutrition or deprivation