Ab 4

Question 1

What germ layer are kidneys derived from?

Answer 1

mesoderm

Question 2

At what spinal levels are the kidneys located?

Answer 2

T12 - L3

Question 3

True or False. The kidneys help with production of RBCs

Answer 3

True

Question 4

What’s blood supply and drainage to the kidneys?

Answer 4

renal a –> segmental a –> interlobar a –> arcuate a –> renal v

Question 5

What is pararenal fat and perirenal fat?

Answer 5

pararenal - fat that is in its own compartment, before kindeys
perirenal - fat that surrounds the kidneys and fills the hilum as well

Question 6

What is the sympathetic innervation to the kidneys?

Answer 6

T10 - L1

Question 7

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the kidneys?

Answer 7

Vagus and S2 - S4

Question 8

What’s the function of the cortex of suprarenal glands?

Answer 8

produce corticosteroids and androgens

Question 9

What’s the function of medulla of suprarenal glands?

Answer 9

produce norepinephrine and epinephrine (fight or flight)

Question 10

What is the blood supply to suprarenal glands?

Answer 10

1) superior suprarenal a (from inferior phrenic a)
2) middle suprarenal a (from aorta)
3) inferior suprarenal a (from renal a)

Question 11

Presynaptic sympathetics penetrate directly to medulla of suprarenal glands and synapse on _____

Answer 11

chromaffin cells (homologous to sympathetic ganglion cells)

Question 12

What type of nerve fibers are associated with blood cells that control vasodilation and vasoconstriction in suprarenal glands?

Answer 12

cortex

Question 13

What is the major muscle used in inspiration?

Answer 13

diaphragm

Question 14

What are the three hiatus of diaphragm?

Answer 14

1) caval hiatus
2) esophageal hiatus
3) aortic hiatus

Question 15

What comes out of the caval hiatus?

Answer 15

IVC

Question 16

What comes out of the esophageal hiatus?

Answer 16

esophagus and Vagus

Question 17

What comes out of the aortic hiatus?

Answer 17

aorta and thoracic duct

Question 18

What innervates diaphragm (motor and sensory)?

Answer 18

C3, 4, 5 = phrenic n

Question 19

What innervates the periphery of diaphragm?

Answer 19

intercostal nerves (sensory)

Question 20

What is the blood supply to superior surface of diaphragm?

Answer 20

superior phrenic a from thoracic aorta

Question 21

What is the blood supply to inferior surface of diaphragm?

Answer 21

inferior phrenic a from abdominal aorta

Question 22

What ligament separates the diaphragm from quadratus lumborum?

Answer 22

lateral arcuate ligaments (2)

Question 23

What ligament separates the diaphragm from psoas major?

Answer 23

medial arcuate ligaments (2)

Question 24

What ligament is located underneath the diaphragm and connects left and right crus?

Answer 24

median arcuate ligament

Question 25

What are the four muscles of posterior abdominal wall?

Answer 25

1) psoas major 2) psoas minor 3) iliacus 4) quadratus lumborum

Question 26

Name this muscle: Origin: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae; sides of vertebral bodies of T12 - S1 Insertion: lesser trochanter of femur

Answer 26

psoas major

Question 27

What innervates psoas major?

Answer 27

lumbar plexus via anterior branches of nerves L2 - L4

Question 28

Name this muscle: Origin: superior two-thirds of iliac fossa, ala of sacrum and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments Insertion: lesser trochanter of femus and shaft inferior to it

Answer 28

Iliacus

Question 29

What innervates iliacus?

Answer 29

femoral n (L2 - L4)

Question 30

Name this muscle: Origin: medial half of inferior border of 12th rib and tips of lumbar transverse processes Insertion: iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest

Answer 30

quadratus lumborum

Question 31

What innervates quadratus lumborum?

Answer 31

anterior branches of T12 and L1 - L4 nerves

Question 32

What muscle act inferiorly to flex thigh and superiorly to flex vertebral column laterally to balance trunk and when seated act inferiorly to flex trunk?

Answer 32

psoas major

Question 33

What muscle act to flex thigh and stabilize hip joint (along with psoas major)?

Answer 33

iliacus

Question 34

What muscle act to extend and laterally flex vertebral column and fix 12th rib during inspiration?

Answer 34

quadratus lumborum

Question 35

Where do subcostal nerves arise from?

Answer 35

ventral rami of T12

Question 36

What do subcostal nerves innervate?

Answer 36

external oblique m and skin of anterolateral abdominal wall

Question 37

Where do lumbar spinal nerves arise from?

Answer 37

L1 - L5

Question 38

What do the posterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves innervate?

Answer 38

deep back muscles and skin of back

Question 39

What do the anterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves innervate?

Answer 39

skin and muscles of the most inferior trunk and lower limb

Question 40

What gives rise to the lumbar plexus?

Answer 40

L1 - L4

Question 41

What arise from L1 and innervates abdominal muscles and skin of inguinal and pubic regions?

Answer 41

ilioinguinal and ilihypogastric nerves

Question 42

Which nerve always come out on top of psoas muscle?

Answer 42

genitofemoral n

Question 43

Where do genitogemoral n arise from?

Answer 43

L1 - L2

Question 44

What innervates skin below the inguinal ligament?

Answer 44

genitofemoral n

Question 45

What does genitofemoral n divide into?

Answer 45

1) genital --> scrotum and labia | 2) femoral

Question 46

What arise from L2 - L3 and innervates anterolateral skin of thigh?

Answer 46

lateral femoral cutaneous n

Question 47

What is the big nerve that arise from L2 - L4 and innervates ilacus, hip flexors and knee extensors?

Answer 47

femoral n

Question 48

What nerves arise from L2 - L4 and innverates medial thigh and adductors?

Answer 48

obturator n

Question 49

What arise from L3 - L4 and innervates pectineus and hip joint, but sometimes not present?

Answer 49

accessory obturator n

Question 50

What arise from L4 -L5, run parallel to obturator n, is the most medial, and does not innervate anything but joins sacral plexus?

Answer 50

lumbosacral trunk

Question 51

What do subcostal arteries supply?

Answer 51

posterior body wall inferior to 12th rib

Question 52

Where do subcostal arteries come from?

Answer 52

thoracic aorta (inferior to 12th rib)

Question 53

Where do inferior phrenic arteries come from?

Answer 53

abdominal aorta

Question 54

What do inferior phrenic arteries supply?

Answer 54

suprarenal glands and inferior surface of diaphragm

Question 55

Where do suprarenal a come from?

Answer 55

abdominal aorta

Question 56

What do suprarenal a supply?

Answer 56

suprarenal glands

Question 57

Where do renal a come from?

Answer 57

abdominal aorta

Question 58

What do renal a supply?

Answer 58

kidneys

Question 59

Where do gonadal a come from?

Answer 59

abdominal aorta

Question 60

What do gonadal a supply?

Answer 60

testicular --> testes | ovarian --> ovaries

Question 61

Where do lumbar arteries come from?

Answer 61

abdominal aorta

Question 62

What do lumbar arteries supply?

Answer 62

posterior abdominal wall

Question 63

Where do median sacral come from?

Answer 63

abdominal aorta

Question 64

What does median sacral supply?

Answer 64

it's unpaired and goes to sacrum and coccyx (right down the middle)

Question 65

At what level does abdominal aorta split into R and L common iliac a?

Answer 65

L4

Question 66

The R and L common iliac a further divides into what?

Answer 66

internal and external iliac arteries

Question 67

Where is aortic aneurysm commonly found?

Answer 67

abdomen, right before it bifurcates

Question 68

What is the usual cause of aortic aneurysm?

Answer 68

atherosclerosis

Question 69

Majority of veins follow the same patterns as arteries, however the gonadal veins are different, how so?

Answer 69

L gonadal vein goes through L. renal v while the R gonadal vein goes straight to IVC

Question 70

The main lymphatic ducts of abdomen convert to what?

Answer 70

thoracic duct