Pelvis 1 & 2 Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What is the bony pelvis made up of (3)?
A
1) hip bones (os coxa)
2) sacrum
3) coccyx
2
Q
What are the three hip bones?
A
1) ilium
2) ishium
3) pubis
3
Q
Which of the three hip bones is the biggest?
A
ilium
4
Q
Which of the three hip bones is posterior?
A
ischium
5
Q
Which of the three hip bones is anterior?
A
pubis
6
Q
What do all three hip bones converge to?
A
acetabulum
7
Q
The arcuate line of ilium is continuous with ____ ____ in pubis
A
pectineal line
8
Q
What makes the pelvic brim?
A
1) pectineal line of pubis
2) arcuate line of ilium
3) sacral promontory
9
Q
What is the significance of pelvic brim?
A
boundary that separates greater and lesser pelvis
10
Q
lower part of abdominal cavity; superior to pelvic inlet
A
greater pelvis
11
Q
actual pelvis; inferior to pelvic inlet and superior to pelvic outlet
A
lesser pelvis
12
Q
This is a synovial joint that joins the sacrum to ilium and it helps transfer weight to the lower extermety
A
sacroiliac joint
13
Q
This is a secondary cartilaginous (fbrocartilaginous) joint with intervertebral (IV) disc and it joins the lumbar and sacral
A
lumbosacral joint
14
Q
This is a secondary cartilaginous joint with IV disc and it joins sacral and coccyx
A
sacrococcygeal joint - small
15
Q
This is a secondary cartilaginous joint that joins two pubis together
A
pubis symphysis
16
Q
What is the name of the ligament that runs longitudinally over the anterior part of IV discs?
A
anterior longitudinal ligaments
17
Q
This ligament attaches sacrum to ischial spine
A
sacrospinous ligament
18
Q
This ligament attaches sacrum to ischial tuberosity
A
sacrotuberous ligament
19
Q
What is the function of sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments?
A
help prevent anterioinferior displacement of superior sacrum
20
Q
Which ligament converts greater sciatic notch to greater sciatic foramen?
A
sacrospinous ligament
21
Q
Which ligament converts lesser sciatic notch to lesser sciatic foramen?
A
sacrotuberous ligament
22
Q
What is the shape of a female pelvic inlet?
A
rounded/oval
23
Q
What is the shape of a male pelvic inlet?
A
heart-shaped
24
Q
How does the pelvic canal differ between male and female?
A
male –> long and funnel-shaped
female –> short with parallel walls
25
How do ischial tuberosities and spines differ between male and female?
female --> everted
| male --> not everted
26
How do greater sciatic notches differ between male and female?
female --> broader
| male --> narrower
27
This pubic arch and subpubic angle is broad and has a greater than 90 degree angle, which sex might this be?
female
28
This pubic arch and subpubic angle is narrow and has a lesser than 70 degree angle, which sex might this be?
male
29
This pelvic muscle is located lateral and it arises within lesser pelvis, passes through lesser sciatic foramen and attaches to femur's greater trochanter
obturator internus
30
What does the obturator membrane form medially?
tendinous arch
31
This pelvic muscle is located posterior and it attaches to sacrum within lesser pelvis, passes through greater sciatic foramen and attaches to femur's greater trochanter
piriformis
32
What muscle creates a "bed" for sacral nerve plexus?
piriformis
33
What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm (pelvic floor)?
levator ani and coccygeus
34
What makes up the levator ani muscles?
1) puborectalis
2) pubococcygeus
3) iliococcygeus
35
What is the function of the pelvic diaphragm?
1) support viscera (especially during increased intraabdominal pressure)
2) aids voluntary control of urination and fecal continence
36
This is a muscular sling arising from pubis; maintains fecal continence (sometimes treated as part of puboccygeus)
puborectalis
37
This muscle arises from pubis and tendinous arch and attaches to coccyx
pubococcygeus
38
This muscle arises from tendinous arch and ischial spine and blends with pubococcygeus
iliococcygeus
39
Which of the three levator ani muscles is the most medial?
puborectalis
40
Which of the three levator ani muscles is the most lateral?
iliococcygeus
41
This muscle is attached from ischial spine to coccygeus/sacrum
coccygeus (ishiococcygeus)
42
What is in the pelvic viscera?
1) urinary bladder
2) parts of ureters
3) parts of reproductive sys
4) rectum
43
Kidneys are considered abdominal organs, although embryogically ____
pelvic
44
These are retroperitoneal muscular tubes transporting urine from kidneys to posterosuperior bladder
ureters
45
Ureters enter bladder obliquely, forming flap valves so muscular contractions of bladder act as sphincters, what does this prevent?
urinary reflux into ureters
46
In females, ureters pass ____ to uterine arteries' origins
medial
47
In males, _____ rest between ureters and peritoneum
vas deferens (it cris-cross with ureters)
48
What arteries supply ureters in the pelvic region?
females --> uterine
| males --> inferior vesicular
49
What innervates ureters?
nearby autonomic plexuses (T11 - L2):
1) renal
2) aortic
3) superior hypogastric
4) inferior hypogastric
50
What functions as temporary reservoir for urine?
bladder
51
What are the 5 parts to bladder?
1) apex
2) fundus
3) body
4) neck
5) trigone
52
What part of the bladder is anterosuperior aspect?
apex
53
What part of the bladder is posterior wall?
fundus
54
What part of the bladder is between apex and fundus?
body
55
What part of the bladder constricts?
neck
56
What part of the bladder forms a triangle between ureteric and urethral openings?
trigone
57
What is projection of trigone called, usually seen in older men?
uvula
58
What muscle is in the bladder walls?
detrusor muscle
59
In females, muscle of bladder's neck is continuous with what?
urethra's muscle
60
In males, muscle of bladder's neck is continuous with what?
prostate's fibromuscular tissue
61
The prostate's fibromuscular fibers form an involuntary internal urethral sphincter, what is its significance?
prevents semen from entering bladder
62
This is a muscular tube that transports urine from bladder to the outside world
urethra
63
In females, urethra descends ____ to vagina
anterior
64
In females, urine exits via...
external urethral orifice
65
How many urethral curves are present in flaccid penis?
two
66
How many urethral curves are present in erect penis?
just one
67
What are the four parts to the male urethra?
1) preprostatic
2) prostatic
3) intermediate/membranous
4) spongy
68
What part of the male's urethra goes from neck of bladder to prostate?
preprostatic
69
What part of the male's urethra is actually within prostate?
prostatic
70
What part of the male's urethra is short, narrow, and least distensible, also passes through external urethral sphincter
intermediate/membranous
71
What part of the male's urethra is the longest, ending at external urethral orifice of glans penis?
spongy
72
Which parts of the male's urethra is not located in the pelvis region, but perineum?
intermediate/membranous and spongy parts
73
What is the median ridge within the prostatic urethra called?
urethral crest
74
What is rounded eminence of the prostatic urethra called?
seminal colliculus
75
This is part of the prostatic urethra that is a cul-de-sac remnant of uterovaginal canal in seminal colliculus
prostatic utricle
76
Where are openings of ejaculatory ducts located?
within the prostatic urethra - seminal colliculus (inferior to prostatic utricle)
77
Where are openings of prostatic ducts?
within the prostatic urethra - lateral to seminal colliculus
78
What are the four parts to uterine tubes?
1) infundibulum
2) ampulla
3) isthmus
4) uterine part
79
Which part of the uterine tubes is funnel-shaped with fimbrae?
infundibulum
80
Which part of the uterine tubes is the widest and longest?
ampulla
81
Which part of the uterine tubes enters uterine horns?
isthmus
82
Which part of the uterine tubes is a short segment in uterine wall?
uterine part of uterine tubes
83
What are the two parts to uterus?
body and cervix
84
Which part of the uterus makes up the upper 2/3rd?
body
85
What does the body of the uterus consist of?
1) fundus
2) uterine horns
3) isthmus
86
Which part of the uterus is superior to uterine tubes?
fundus
87
Which part of the uterus is the entrance of uterine tubes?
uterine horns
88
Which part of the uterus is constricted region superior to cervix?
isthmus
89
Which part of the cervix (of uterus) is the opening to uterus?
internal os
90
Which part of the cervix (of uterus) is the opening to vagina?
external os
91
What ligament connects ovary to uterus?
ovarian ligament
92
What ligament connects uterus to labia majora?
round ligament (ligamentum teres)
93
Which ligament is mesentery of uterus and has several subdivisions?
broad ligament
94
What are the subdivisions of broad ligament?
1) suspensory ligament
2) mesovarium
3) mesosalpinx
4) mesometrium
95
Which of the subdivision of broad ligament conveys ovarian vessels, lymphatics and nerves?
suspensory ligament
96
Which of the subdivision of broad ligament suspends ovary?
mesovarium
97
Which of the subdivision of broad ligament suspends uterine tube?
mesosalpinx
98
Which of the subdivision of broad ligament suspends most of uterus?
mesometrium
99
Which ligament is posteroinferior to uterotubal junction?
ovarian ligament
100
Which ligament is anteroinferior to uterotubal junction?
round ligament
101
What position is the uterus in?
typically anteverted and anteflexed
102
This is amusculomembranous tube that runs from cervix to vestibule
vagina
103
Vagina is located _____ to urethra and bladder, and _____ to rectum
posterior; anterior
104
What are the three positions of fornices located in the superiormost vagina that surrounds cervix?
1) anterior
2) posterior
3) lateral
105
What kind of innervation does the lower 1/4 of vagina have?
somatic
106
What kind of innervation does the upper 3/4 of vagina have?
autonomic
107
What structure is the continuation of duct of epididymis?
ductus defentes
108
What is the expansion of ductus deferens called?
ampulla
109
Ductus deferentes joins ducts of ____ _____ to form ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicle
110
Paired glands secreting thick fluid into ejaculatory ducts
seminal vesicles
111
What do ejaculatory ducts descend through?
posterior prostate
112
What are the different lobes the prostate is divided into?
1) anterior
2) posterior
3) middle
4) lateral
113
Where do the prostatic ducts empty into?
prostatic sinuses on either side of seminal colliculus
114
What small glands secret during sexual arousal?
bulbourethral glands
115
What are all the organs that contribute in producing semen?
1) testes
2) seminal vesicles
3) prostate
4) bulbourethral glands
116
Bulbourethral glands are ____ to intermediate/membranous urethra
posterolateral
117
Where do ducts of bulbourethral glands open into?
spongy urethra in bulb of penis
118
What symptom can benign prostatic hyperplasia have?
urgency to urinate
119
What are some potential problems to transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)?
possible alteration of external and internal urethral sphincters --> cause reflux of sperm into bladder or incontinence as well
120
The pelvic fascia is a continuation of which fascia?
endoabdominal
121
What are the two layers of pelvic fascia?
1) parietal --> lines walls and floor
| 2) visceral --> lines pelvic surfaces
122
What does extraperitoneal or subperitoneal mean?
outside or below the peritoneal cavity (includes most pelvic viscera)
123
What structures of the pelvic region are primarily retroperitoneal?
1) kidneys
2) ureters
3) rectum
4) anal canal
In addition in males: prostate, seminal vesicles and vas deferens
124
What structures of the pelvic region are intraperitoneal?
1) uterus
2) ovaries
3) uterine tubes
125
What is the space behind pubis that accommodates bladder distension?
retropubic space (space of Retzius)
126
What space is behind rectum and accomodates rectal expansion?
retrorectal space
127
What space is located in males, between bladder/prostate and rectum?
rectovesical pouch
128
What space is located in females, between bladder and uterus?
vesicouterine pouch
129
What space is between uterus and rectum?
rectouterine pouch (pouch of Douglas)
130
What two spaces does the uterus separate?
1) vesicouterine pouch
| 2) rectouterine pouch
131
Which of the spaces can accumulate fluids or potential pathogens?
1) rectovesical pouch (males)
2) vesicouterine pouch (females)
3) rectouterine pouch (females)
132
Which space may be easily accessed via posterior fornix?
rectouterine pouch
133
What does the common iliac artery bifurcate into?
internal iliac a
| external iliac a
134
What does the internal iliac a bifurcate into?
posterior div
| anterior div
135
Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from lower limbs and lowest body wall (excluding external genitalia)?
inguinal nodes
136
Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from pelvis and inguinal nodes?
external and internal iliac nodes
137
Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from external and internal iliac nodes?
common iliac nodes
138
Which regional lymph nodes receive lymph from common iliac nodes?
lumbar nodes
139
Which spinal levels makes up lumbosacral trunk?
L4-L5
140
Which spinal levels is obturator nerve?
L2-L4
141
Which spinal levels is accessory obturator nerve?
L3-L4 (if present)
142
What are the four parts to sacral plexus?
1) sciatic
2) pudendal
3) superior gluteal
4) inferior gluteal
143
Which spinal levels is sciatic nerve?
L4-S3
144
Which spinal levels is pudendal nerve?
S2-S4
145
Which spinal levels is superior gluteal nerve?
L4-S1
146
Which spinal levels is inferior gluteal nerve?
L5-S2
147
Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies lower limb?
sciatic
148
Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies skin and muscles of perineum?
pudendal
149
Which nerve of sacral plexus is the main sensory nerve for external genitalia?
pudendal
150
Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies gluteus medius, minimus, and tensor fascia latae?
superior gluteal
151
Which nerve of sacral plexus supplies gluteus maximus?
inferior gluteal
152
Where does the sacral plexus exit from the pelvis?
greater sciatic foramen
153
Where does pudendal n enter perineum?
lesser sciatic foramen
154
Coccygeal plexus is made up of ventral rami of which spinal nerves?
S4-S5 and coccygeal nerves
155
What marks the end of sympathetic trunk?
ganglion impar
156
How many ganglia are located bilaterally on anterior sacrum?
usually 4
157
What spinal segments do the sympathetics arise from?
T11-L2
158
Sympathetics travel through the nearby sympathetic chain to which nerves?
lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves
159
Which ganglion do sympathetics synapse at?
inferior mesenteric ganglion
160
The postsynpatics travel through which plexuses?
1) superior hypogastric plexus
2) R/L hypogastric nerves
3) inferior hypogastric (pelvic) plexus
161
After the plexuses, sympathetic postsynaptic fibers follow what to target organs?
pelvic arteries
162
Which spinal segments do parasympathetics arise from?
S2-S4 (pelvic splanchnics)
163
The parasympathetics travels through which plexuses?
ascend mainly through inferior and superior hypogastric plexuses
164
Where do parasympathetics synapse?
organ/gut plexuses
