Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

IMHM > AB Screening & ID > Flashcards

AB Screening & ID Flashcards

(92 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

detection & ID of AB against RBC AG; critical in PRE-TRANSFUSION SETTINGS

A

Antibody Screening & ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

principal tool for investigating potential HTR, AIHA, HDFN

A

Ab Screening & ID

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

_______aids in detecting and monitoring patients who are at risk of delivering infants with HDFN; The ony ig that can cross the placenta, associated with this disease is _______.

A

Ab Screening/ID

IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Focus of Ab Screening & iD

A

Detection of UNEXPECTED IRREGULAR ALLOANTIBODIES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

4 types of unexpected irregular alloantibodies

A
  1. Ab reacting to transfused blood.
  2. Naturally occurring
  3. Acquired Ab
  4. AutoAb
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain occurrence of
Ab reacting to transfused blood.

A

in response to RBC STIMULATION through transfusion, transplantation, pregnancy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain occurrence of
Naturally occurring unexpected immune allonantibodies

A

no RBC stimulation

through exposure to environmental surfaces/sources that have similar structure to RBC Ag

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

examples of environmental surfaces/sources causing naturally occurring unexpected immune allonantibodies

A

pollen
fungus
bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Explain occurrence of
acquired unexpected immune allonantibodies

A

from one individual to another via plasma-containing blood components/derivatives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

example of plasma-containing bloodcomponents/derivatives causing naturally occurring unexpected immune allonantibodies — which is a treatment of choice for AB DEFICIENCIES

A

Intravenous Immunoglobulin [IVIG]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Explain occurrence of
Autoantibodies

A

against own antigens & generally react with all RBCs tested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

it involves the reaction between px serum/plasma with screening cells.

A

Ab screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Purpose is to detect RBC unexpected alloantibodies other than the expected anti-A and anti-B

A

Ab screening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Method of AB Screening

A

Indirect Antihuman globulin test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

4 components of IAT

A

IS phase
AHG phase
Monospecific anti-IgG AHG reagent
37C

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RBC reagent of IAT
[explain chracteristics]

A

Screening Cells
-Group O Ab + clinically unique combi of clinically important RBC Ag: 2-3 phenotypes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

2-3 phenotypes combines with Group O Ab for screening cells

A

2:
R1R1 DCe
R2R2 DcE

3:
R1R1
R2T2
rr dce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

why is Group O antigen used as a component of screening cells?

A

has no Ag in rBC no reaction and anti-a/b will not interfere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the homozygous expression w/in the screening cells allows Ab show ____.

A

dosage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Each set of screen cells is accompanied by:

A

Ag profile sheet/antigram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Antibodies that react strongly w/ cells having homozygous antigen expression

A

Ag profile sheet/antigram

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

antigen expression is from an individual who inherited 2 different alleles at a given genetic locus.

A

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

The alleles share the available antigen sites on the cell surface.

A

Heterozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

antigen expression is from an individual who inherited only one allele at a given genetic locus

A

Homozygous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Common Blood Group Systems With Antibodies That Exhibit Dosage (Homozygous blood group)
Rh [except D[ Kidd Duffy MNS Lutheran
26
Explain the process of IAT for AB Screening
27
if there is no sensitization nor agglutination in IAT, what do we add?
Check cells/Coomb's reagentI
28
If after the addition of coomb's reagent or check cells, what are the usual problems and what do we do about it>
During testing problems/ error [AHG. not added] REPEAT
29
RBCs become "IgG-coated RBC'' due to the
Addition of an enhancement reagent that triggers the px's serum containing [IgG] to target the known RBC reagent/Screen cell which possesses a known antigen making it the targetq
30
Effect of AHG reagent addition after NSS washing in IAT
The anti-IgG in it will react w/ the IgG-coated RBC resulting to cross-linking and forming a BRIDGE where observable AGGLUTINATION occurs
31
OTHER METHODS USED FOR ANTIBODY SCREENING:
Gel Method Solid phase adherence method
32
Gel Method Principle
If sensitization occurred, anti-IgG IN THE GEL will REACT with the sensitized rbcs resulting in agglutination Agglutinated cells will be TRAPPED within the gel because agglutinates are too large to pass the spaces between gel particles
33
Agglutinated cells in the Gel Method will be TRAPPED within the gel because
they are too large to pass the spaces between gel particles
34
Grade? cell top: SOLID BAND of agglutinates bottom: #red cells visible
4+
35
Grade? LOWER-half gel column: agglutinates bottom: red cell [above red cell pallet: few agglutinates]
1+
36
Grade? top of gel column: ag DISPERSED bottom: few agglutinates ;distributed through upper/lower halves of gel
2+
37
Grade? top gel column: LAYER of red cell agglutinates bottom: PELLET of UNAGGLUTINATED CELLS
Mixed-field
38
Grade? bottom: rbc forming a WELL-DELINEATED PALLET [Above pallet] CLEAR/FREE agglutinates
NEGATIVE
39
Grade? top gel column: #amount of agglutinates bottom: few agglutinates
3+
40
Components of Gel method
6 chambers/gel Dextran Acrylamide gel Screen Cells + Px serum/plasma 37C 15mins
41
Principle of Solid Phase Adherence Method
1. RBC Ag-COATED microtiter wells 2. Px serum/plasma + LISS added 37C incubation 3. Washed to remove unbound Ab 4. AHG-coated RBCs [indicator] added 5. POSITIVE= AHG react w/ Ab-Ag bound NEGATIVE=AHF form a PELLET in the bottom
42
Done when the antibody screening test is positive to _____ the alloantibody
AB ID Identify
43
IAT may or may not include this as a detection for the AB reacting at room temp; not required as it leads to clinically [significant/insignificant] [cold/warm] Ab
Immediate spin phase Insignificant Cold
44
AB ID uses what: cells: material: methods:
panel cells [group O, 11-20 extended screening cells] Ag profile sheet/antigram DAT autocontrol
45
Steps in AB ID
1. Know the Px HISTORY 2. Check RXN phase w/ positive agglutination 3. Check AUTOCONTROL 4. Exclusion 5. Inclusion 6. Perform ADDT'L techniques [Selected Panel cells, Neutralization, Adsorption, Elution] 7.CONFIRM result by 3 & 3 RULE
46
Enumerate what to consider in Px history
Age Sex Race Diagnosis Pregnancy history Medications IV solutions
47
Race: can be beneficial because some antibodies are associated with a particular race. anti-__ – blacks anti-__ – Africans)
Fya U
48
Transfusion and pregnancy: exposure can cause ______ of immune antibodies
production
49
Medications to take into consideration as they may transfer PASSIVE AB [anti-A/B/D]
IVIG RhIg Anti-lymphocyte globulin
50
administer to Rh negative mother with an Rh positive baby
rhogam
51
animal antibody against human T cells that is used in treatment for acute rejection in organ transplantation
Anti-lymphocyte globulin
52
Infections and autoimmune disorders can cause production of ______
autoantibodies
53
Patients transfused in the last 3 months (DHTR) can also cause a _______
POSITIVE DAT
54
3 and 3 rule meaning
3 positive 3 negative
55
________ Additional panel cells that are added to help in identifying antibodies 2 or 3 can be used but we can still add. _____ panel cells can be used
Selected Panel Cells 11-20
56
Treating the panel cells with enzymes may help separate the __________ and allow antibody ________
specificities identification
57
Examples of enzymes used as an additional technique for AB ID [general] [specific]
Proteolytic enzymes [papain, bromelin, trypsin]
58
Proteolytic enzymes modify the rbc surface by removing the ________ and by denaturing or removing _______.
sialic acid residues glycoprotein
59
antigens enhanced by enzymes
Rh Kidd Lewis P1 I ABO
60
antigens activated by enzymes
Duffy MNS Xga
61
Other substances in the body and in nature have antigenic structures similar to antigens
Neutralization
62
Soluble substances can be used to _______ antibodies in serum, allowing ________ of antibodies or confirmation that a particular ______ is present.
neutralize seperation antibody
63
inhibit reaction between antibody and antigens on panel cells
Soluble substances
64
Anti-P1 Source of neutralizing substances
Hydatid cyst fluid Pigeon droppings Turtledoves egg whites
65
Anti-Lewis Source of neutralizing substances
Plasma/Serum Saliva
66
Anti-Chido/Rogers Source of neutralizing substances
Serum [+complement]
67
Anti-Sda Source of neutralizing substances
Urine
68
Antii-I Source of neutralizing substances
Human breast milk
69
Removal of antibodies from serum by adding the target antigen allowing antibody to bind to the antigen
Adsorption
70
In adsorption, Antigen-antibody complexes is removed from the test system by ______.
centrifugation
71
________ is tested against panel cells for the presence of unabsorbed alloantibodies
Adsorbed serum
72
Adsorbed serum is TESTED AGAINST PANEL CELLS for the presence of unabsorbed alloantibodies. THROUGH? [application steps]
1. remove non-specific ab from serum 2. seperate mixtures of ab [to aid their [ID] 3. determine [+] alloantibody/autoantibody in a px w/ HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
73
Types of Adsorption
Autologous Homologus Adsorption Differential Adsorption
74
simplest method of absorption
AUTOADSORPTION
75
In autoadsoprtion, warm ab is adsorbed at what temp? cold ab is adsorbed at what temp?
37C 4C
76
Autoadsorption steps
1. Autologous washed [remove unbound ab] 2. Cells treated [remove any Ab-coating RBC] 3. Cells incubated w/ px serum for up to 1 hour [30-60 mins] [Temp: thermal-range of removed-Ab] [During incubation: mix periodically] [X AB @serum --> ADSORBED @RBC] 4. Adsorbed serum then harvested & Tested against Panel cells 5. DAT[-] autologous cells-- If REACTIVE = further adsorption using a new aliquot of autologous required. If NON-reactive= autoantibody completely adsorbed + adsorbed serums can be used in antibody identification testing.
77
DAT[-] autologous cells-- If REACTIVE = _______ If NON-reactive= ___________
further adsoption [using new aliquot of autologous cells] Autologous completely adsorbed +Adsorbed serums can be used in AB ID TESTING
78
used to remove, concentrate, purify AB from RBCs
Elution
79
This is being performed when DAT is positive
Elution
80
diluent where removed ab from RBCs are harvested/tested against panel cells
Eluate
81
ab removed from RBCs & RBC Ag are destroyed
Total elution
82
ab removed RBC Ag remain intact [RBC ______ & used for autoadsorption techniques.
Partial elution
83
Elution Application:
---Demonstrate & Identify Ab on the RBC of HDN, HTR,AIHA --- Seperate & Identify Ab IN A MIXTURE OF AB
84
Elution Methods
Temperature pH Organic solvents
85
Elution Temperature Method: HEAT 45C: 56C: FREEZE RBCs are washed/suspended in ______ and frozen at [temp]. Mixture is _____ rapidly bursting _____ freeing the ab
Gentle heat method/Partial Elution Total elution/ elute ABO Ab from RBC saline 18C thawed RBCs
86
Elution method pH [Acid/Alkaline] elution: washed ______rbcs are mixed w/ _________ [ph__]--> then released into the ______.
Acid elution Ab-coated glycine acid 3 supernatant
87
Elution method Organic solvents [Partial/Total] elution; best for detecting non-ABO Ab: [3]
Total dichloromethane xylene ether
88
Done to determine the relative amount of antibody in the serum
Ab Titration
89
expressed as the reciprocal of the highest dilution with macroscopic agglutination
Titer
90
Elution Method Ig TYPING Uses ________ reagents which inactivates ____ leaving IgG intact. Used to break agglutination by strong _________ DTT, 2-ME, AET
sulfhydryl reagents IgM IgM cold autoantibodies
91
Reagents used in Ig Typing method of elution
ZZAP DTT 2-ME AET
92

IMHM (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions