ABO Blood group system Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
[names] [date]
discovered the 4th blood group in the system (AB)
A
Sturle & von descatello
1902
2
Q
THE LANDSTEINER LAW
1. The [Ag/Ab] is (+) on the RBC surface and [does it already determines the blood group/type]
- The [opposite naturally occurring/corresponding antibody] is NEVER FOUND in the individual’s serum
A
AG on the RBC surface
YES-determines
Corresponding
3
Q
Enumerate their % in the US population:
O
A
B
AB
A
45%
40%
10%
5%
4
Q
Enumerate their naturally occurring antibodies in serum
A
B
AB
O
A
Anti-B
Anti-A
NONE
Anti-A, Anti-B
5
Q
Reverse Blood Typing
Detects ABO [Antigens/Antibodies] in the patient’s serum by using known ____ RBC’s (A and B cells)
A
Antibodies
reagent RBC’s A/B
6
Q
Only unique to the ABO blood group system; checks results of forward typing
A
Reverse Blood Typing
7
Q
Reverse Blood Typing
Specimen:
Reagent:
A
Px’s serum/plasma
Known Red Cells
8
Q
Forward Blood Typing
uses [known/unknown] sources of _______ ________. [ANTI A, ANTI-B]
detects ABO [AG/AB] on px’s [RBC/Plasma-Serum]
A
known
commercial anti-sera
AG
RBC
9
Q
[Name] [Date]
first described the theory for the inheritance of the ABO blood groups.
A
Bernstein
1924
10
Q
hereditary units
A
genes
11
Q
each parent contributes half of the ______ information to the child
A
genetic
12
Q
✔The genes are precisely organized like a string of beads on a strand of DNA called as
A
Chromosomes
13
Q
✔Each gene occupies a specific location on the chromosome called a
A
Locus/Loci
14
Q
✔each locus there may be several different form of genes which are known as
A
ALLELES
15
Q
The gene that codes for the ABO blood type is located in the _____ portion of chromosome ____.
A
terminal
9
16
Q
refers to the actual notation of the actual genes inherited from the parents
A
Genotype
17
Q
if an offspring inherits identical alleles from both parents (Ex. AA, BB)
A
Homozygous
18
Q
if an offspring inherits different alleles from the parents (Ex. AO, BO)
A
Heterozygous
19
Q
refers to the serologically demonstrable antigens on the RBC membrane
A
Phenotype
20
Q
a gene that does not produce any detectable trait. [+Example]
A
Amorph [silent gene]
O gene
21
Q
gene is always expressed in the offspring even though it is only carried on one of the homologous chromosomes [+gene examples]
A
DOMINANT
22
Q
does not express itself in the presence of a dominant gene. Expression occurs when it is inherited [in what genotype state: homozygous/heterozygous] [give at least 1 example of genotype]
[+gene examples]
A
RECESSIVE GENE
homozygous state
OO
O gene
23
Q
Enumerate the genotype of the ff phenotypes:
A1
A2
A1B
A2B
B
O
A
A1:
A1A1, A1,A2, A10
A2:
A1B2, A20
A1B:
A1B
A2B:
A2B
B:
BB, BO
O:
OO
24
Q
Formation of ABH antigens results from the interaction of ______ at _____ [+enumerate]
A
ABO genes
3 seperate loci
ABO,Hh, Se
25
Hh
[Fucosyl transferase 1/ Fucosyl transferase 2]
Fucosyl transferase 1/FUT1
26
Se
Fucosyl transferase 2/FUT2
27
Enumerate the chromosome location of the ff:
ABO
H
Se
Chromosome 9
Chromosome 19
Chromosome 19
28
_______ genes do not code for production of antigens but codes for _______ (_______) that add(+) sugars on the _____ region of the precursor substance:Type I [product] or Type II [product]
ABO genes
ENZYMES
fucosyltransferase
galasctose
soluble ABH antigens
ABH antigens on the RBC membrane
29
Secretor gene [Sese/SeSe]
responsible for production of __________ that results in the modification of the [Type 1 /2] precursor substance in secretions to express [what substance/antigen]
a-2-L-fucosyltransferase
Type 1
H substance/antigen
30
Presence of Secretor gene (Sese or SeSe)- Results in the addition of ________ on the Galactose region of [Type-1 /2] Precursor molecule.
L-fucose
Type 1
31
If secretor gene is RECESSIVE (sese).
--> ABH soluble antigen is [either/neither] expressed [or/nor] detected on those body fluids.
neither
nor
32
“A gene” is responsible for production of ________ that will add the sugar________on the ________ region of the precursor molecule.
a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase
N-acetylgalactosamine
Galactose
33
“B gene” is responsible for production of ________ that will add the sugar________on the ________ region of the precursor molecule.
a-3-D-galactosyltransferase
D-galactose
Galactose
34
Principle used in the detection of ABH soluble antigen in saliva
Hemagglutination Inhibition
35
Hemagglutination inhibition is based on the idea that patients ABH soluble [Antigen/Antibody] in saliva will be [effect] by [Antigen/Antibody] reagent and an ______ cell is added.
ABH soluble antigen
neutralized
antibody reagent
indicator cell
36
Hemagglutination composition
Px saliva [soluble ag] + Anti-sera [known Ab] + Indicator/Known cells
37
Hemagglutination Inhibition in the determination of soluble antigen/secretor status in saliva.
[Elaborate]
Positive =__________
[Absence/Presence] of soluble antigen in the saliva.
Negative=__________
[Absence/Presence] of soluble antigen in the saliva.
[+]= NO Agglutination
Presence
[-]= Agglutination
Absence
38
Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
1. Chew a piece of ________ to stimulate secretion of saliva.
2. Collect Saliva on a sterile container
3. Transfer [#] ml of saliva in a clean test tube.
4. Place ______ tube of saliva in a [cold bath/ boiling water bath] for [5/10 mins]. This [activates/inactivates] enzymes that might otherwise destroy blood group substances.
5. Centrifuge at ______ rpm for [#] minutes.
6. Collect =_______ into a clean tube. The supernatant should be _____ or slightly
______.
1. paraffin wax
3. 2-3ml saliva
4.
stoppered
boiling water
10 mins
inactivates
5.
3200 rpm
10 mins
6.
supernatant
clear
opalescent
39
Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
7. Dilute saliva [ratio] with [solution]
(undiluted saliva contains __________ that can inhibit [soluble antigen/known cells/antisera] and lead to incorrect results).
[ __ml of supernatant = __ml of NSS]
8. Prepare [ratio] dilution of Anti-A and Anti-B antisera.
[ __ml of antisera = __ml of NSS]
9. Prepare three test tubes and label as [3] Put 1 drop of Diluted Saliva in all tubes.
+ Respectively put [#] drop of DILUTED Anti-A/B/H in their corresponding A/B/H tube. (e.g.,: diluted anti-a = A tube)
10. Mix and cover with _____. Incubate all tubes at [cold/room] temperature for 10 minutes.
7.
1:2
nonspecific glycoproteins
antisera
1ml
1ml
8.
1:4
1ml
3ml
9.
A, B, H
1 drop
10.
paraffin wax
room temperature
40
IF PRESENT**
ANTI-A /B/H ➔ in “A/B/H” TUBE➔ will [EFFECT] “A/B/H” soluble antigen on patients saliva.
IF ABSENT **
Anti-A/B/H will remain [available/unavailable] and [unseen/freely floats] on the mixture
neutralized
available
freely floats
41
Procedure: Detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva
11. Respectively put [#] drop of [#%] of Known A/B/H cells on ABH tubes
12. Again, Cover with parafilm and mix. Incubate at room temperature for [#] minutes
OR for [#] minutes at [#] degrees Celsius water bath.
13. Centrifuge for ___ seconds at [#] rpm.
14. Gently dislodge the cell _____ and examine for agglutination.
15. Interpret the result.
11.
1 drop
2-5%
12.
30-60 minutes
5 minutes at 37C
13.
15 seconds
3400 rpm
14. cell button
42
* During the incubation, antibody that does not react/had been neutralized in step 9 will form a _____ with the antigen found on red cell [part] of the reagent (_____ cells).
complex
membrane
known
43
In the procedure for the detection of ABH soluble antigen in Saliva, elaborate the purpose of 4 bath/incubation steps , respectively.
1. Stoppered tube of saliva in a boiling water bath for 10 mins= _______ > Centrifuge for 10 mins again.
2. Mix and cover parafilm> Incubate at room temp 10 mins= _________.
3. Mix and cover parafilm > incubate at room temp for 30- 60 mins/ 15 mins at 37C water bath= _________.
4. Centrifuge for 15 SECONDS at 3400 rpm= ________.
1. Inactivate enzymes such as nonspecific glycoproteins that inhibit antisera.
2. To check agglutination as per the mixture of Diluted saliva/anti-a/b/h + a/b/h tube.
3. To check complex formation on antibodies that were not neutralized as per the mixture of 2-5% of known a/b/h +a/b/h tube.
4. To examine agglutination as to dislodge cell button.
44
Agglutination Results:
[Elaborate]
Blood type A Secretor:
Blood type B Secretor:
Blood type O Secretor:
Blood type AB Secretor:
Nonsecretor:
A= [X] AGGLUTINATION in A,H tube
B= [X] AGGLUTINATION in B,H tube
O= [X] AGGLUTINATION in H tube
AB= [X] AGGLUTINATION in A.B,H tube
NON SECRETOR= [WITH] AGGLUTINATION in A,B.H tube
45
Is needed for the formation of A and B genes; without the it> A and B genes will not be coded
H gene
46
— Most people are [homozygous/heterozygous ] ___
— The genotype (___) is extremely rare and is referred to as the: _____ phenotype
homozygous HH
hh
Bombay phenotype
47
Antigen that is being converted by A and B genes; antigen needed in the production
H antigen
48
Since the O gene is amorphic/silent, no _____ takes place, therefore the H antigen is found in [highest/lowest] concentration in Type ___ individuals
conversion
highest
Type O
49
Amount of H-antigen/reaction with anti-H
[Arrange the sequence from highest to lowesr amount]
O> A2> B> A2B> A1> A1B
50
Type I and Type II precursor substances; both are composed of [4 sugars]
2 molecules of D-galactose
1 molecule of N-acetylglucosamine
1 molecule of glucose
51
Type 1/2 precursors DIFFER ONLY in the linkage of the terminal sugars. [+type of antigens derived]
Type 1:
Type 2:
Type 1: beta 1-3 linkage
ABH Soluble antigens /Secretor status
Type 2: beta 1-4 linkage
ABH antigens on RBC membrane
52
ABH antigens in the _____: derived from both Type I and II precursor substances
plasma
53
✔Red cell ABH antigens constists of 80 ______ and 20% _______ [from type I/II precursors]
✔Plasma ABH antigens consist predominantly of _______ [from type I/II precursors]
glycoproteins
glycolipids
Type II precursors
glycolipids
Type I precursors
54
The H antigen (precursor of A and B antigen) is formed by the (+) of L-fucose to the terminal galactose on [either/both] @Type I or Type II precursors
either
55
STRUCTURE OF TYPE 1 PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES:
________/glycan Glucose --> D -galactose --> N-acetylglucosamine ----- [ beta 1-__ linkage] -> D-galactose
Paragloboside
1-3 linkage
56
STRUCTURE OF TYPE 2 PRECURSOR SUBSTANCES:
Paragloboside/_____ Glucose --> D -galactose --> N-acetylglucosamine ----- [ beta 1-__ linkage] -> D-galactose
glycan
1-4 linkage
57
*If both genes are inherited:
✔A gene: converts H antigen to [#]- [#] A antigen sites
✔B gene: converts H antigen to: [#]-[#] B antigen sites
✔A gene: converts H antigen to [#] A antigen sites
✔B gene: coverts H antigen to [#] B antigen sites
810,000-1,170,000
610,000- 830,000
600,000
720,000
58
ABO ANTIGEN can be demonstrated as early as _____________.
The [A/B] antigen appears to be weak at birth but at the age of one year, _______ reach final strength
ABO ANTIBODIES [are/aren't] present at birth. If [present/absent] at birth, they originated from the mother through ______ leakage during _____.
Hence, they develop [#] months AFTER birth.
2nd month of fetal life
A antigen
agglutinogen
AREN'T
present at birth > placental > delivery
3-6 mos
59
ABO ANTIGENS persist throughout life [altered/unaltered]
However, abnormal antigens may be found as acquired characteristics in [disease] (weak __ antigen) and [disease] ([normal/abnormal] secretion of ABH substance)
unaltered
leukemia
Weak A antigen
cancer
abnormal
60
ABO antigens may be found in people who are [secretors/non-secretors/both]. And found found in _______ and other species
ABO antibodies may also be found in [2 species] as _____- extracts diluted to [effect] specific human blood group antigens
secretors
bacteria
animals, plants
lectins
agglutinate
61
ABO antibodies may occur in [2 forms]
Naturally occurring antibodies
immune antibodies
62
agglutinates A1 or A1B cells (anti-A1 lectin)
agglutinates B cells (anti-B lectin)
agglutinates O cells (H specificity) and other ABO blood groups depending on the amount of H antigen (anti-H lectin)
Dolichos biflorus
Bandeiraea simplicifolia
Ulex europaeus
63
controls the presence of A, B, H antigens in saliva, sweat, tears, breast milk, urine and semen
Se gene
64
3 genotypes of Se genes
[+classify if secretor/non-secretor]
Sese: secretor
SeSe: secretor
sese: non-secretor
65
ABO ANTIBODIES are present in low ___ or even absent in cases of acquired and congenital [2 diseases]
titer
hypogammaglobulinemia
agammaglobulinemia
66
Produced by individuals who lack the A and B antigen
Anti-A
Anti-B
67
Anti-A, Anti-B
✔Predominantly ____.
✔ In Group O individuals, [IgM/IgG] anti-A and anti-B occur less frequently.
IgM
IgG
68
Produced by Group O phenotype. They are not a simple mixture of anti-A and anti B but contain a ____ Ab that cross react with an [Ag/Ab[ present on both A and B antigens.
Anti-A,B
third antibody
Ag
69
✔Naturally occurring, auto-antibody present in the serum of some A, and A,B individuals
Anti-H
70
have low thermal range and are seldom clinically significant
Anti-H
71
They occur as an [IgG/IgM/either/both] ________ in the serum of _____. individuals
either
Bombay
72
Bombay individuals should be transfused only with blood from ____ phenotype individuals
Bombay
73
Soluble substances are glycolipids or glycoproteins
glycoproteins
74
IgG:
[Cold/Warm] REACTING
[37C/Room temp-Cold] TEMP
[CAN/CANNOT] CROSS PLACENTA
[INDICATED/NOT] BY HDN
[NATURALLY OCCURING/IMMUNE AB]
Warm
37C
Can
Indicated
Immune ab/autoantibodies
75
