ABA Lesson 22, 23 Flashcards
(Les 22) Problem Behavior
Behavior that occurs too often, too intensely, or in the wrong context.
Problem Behavior Categories
- Aggression
Physically harming self, others, or property. - Rule Breaking
Breaking home, school, or workplace rules; defying the instructions of authority figures; breaking the law - Attention Deficit
Difficulty sustaining attention, initiating or completing tasks. - Over-activity
Excessive wakefulness, talking, moving, or touching
*Includes stereotypical movements and vocalizations
Does not include sexual touching of others which is considered an act of aggression and/or rule breaking. However, it may include excessive masturbation that does not involve others but does distract the person from other life tasks and roles. - Anxiety
Excessive engagement in thinking or talking about present, past, future, or possible problems, which is accompanied by avoidance of situations that inspire such thinking OR adherence to behavioral rules/rituals designed to prevent them. - Emotion Management
Behavioral expressions of emotions that cause social friction or inhibit the ability to complete activities of daily living or meet personal goals.
Causes of Problem Behavior
Effects of Problem Behavior
- Social Isolation
- Restriction of Rights/Independence
So if you’re engaging in a high rate of behavior that intrudes on the rights of others, your rights will become circumscribed. And additionally, you may require a higher level of supervision and a higher level of care to make sure that you don’t hurt yourself or someone else or become vulnerable to someone hurting you. - Fewer Opportunities to Learn
- Reduced Personal Quality of Life
- Health Problems
Dynamic
Characterized by constant responsive change.
- that is where the field of behavioral genetics is now. That’s how they describe the biological and genetic influence on behavior, because we now know there are multiple genes implicated in any behavior or disease. But there are other biological processes that come into play in determining whether or not that gene gets expressed, such as neurotransmitter chemicals or the right hormones.
Epigenetics
A dynamic relationship between biology, genetics, and environment that creates change in all three.
Critical Period
A period of development in which proper development is necessary in order to acquire specific skills.
- there are certain critical periods of development for certain behaviors, language being the best known example of this. The critical period is a point in development where if things don’t go right, the related behaviors may never develop fully.
Common Environmental Correlates of Problem Behavior
- Exposure to Violence
Direct or Indirect - Exposure to Verbal Maltreatment
Direct or Indirect - Social / Emotional Isolation
- Unmet Health and Safety Needs
- Witnessing Pervasive Unhealthy Coping Behaviors
Such as using drugs and alcohol, behavioral outbursts, rule breaking, etc. - Authoritarian Disciplinary Practices
Continuous punishment of behavioral errors without equal attention to reinforcement of correct behavior. - Chronic Exposure to Extreme Environments
High crime areas, institutionalization, war zones, etc.
list of areas in which ABA has been shown to be effective as of 2019
- Early Childhood Intervention
- Autism Spectrum Disorders
- Emotional and Behavioral Disorders
- Mental Health Disorders
- Developmental Disorders
- Intellectual Disabilities
- Health-Related Behaviors
- Education
- Parenting
Topography? Topographical Elements of Behavior?
A description of the behavior’s form.
- description of the problematic behavior
Topographical Elements:
- Form
What the behavior looks/sounds/feels like.
- Frequency/Intensity
How often the behavior occurs, and its perceived severity.
- Setting
When, where, and with whom the behavior occurs
- Impact
How the behavior effects the environment and people in it.
Functional Behavior Assessment? FBA Elements?
A process for determining the environmental events that elicit problem behavior.
FBA Elements:
- Identification of the reinforcers in place
What is the “payoff?”
- Identification of needed skills to develop
What missing skills do the problem behaviors mask?
- Identification of discriminative stimuli
In response to what stimuli do the problem behaviors occur?
- Identification of motivating operations
Under what conditions are the identified stimuli more likely to elicit the problem behavior?
Ecological Assessment? Elements of it?
Assessment that seeks to discover the skills required for successful functioning in a given environment.
Elements:
- Skills Required
Skills required for full participation in the environment, and the level of support that will be provided for completing those skills.
- Self-Direction Requirements
The degree to which the person is expected to guide himself through the routine.
- Sensory Requirements
The level of auditory, visual, tactile. olfactory, and/or taste stimulation that is necessary for success in the environment.
- Supervision and Feedback Style
How authorities teach new skills, monitor progress and/or safety, and respond to errors.
ABA Interventions
ABA VS Medical Model
Kinds of Parenting Style Research
Political Solutions to Social Problems
What are the Functions of Behavior? (4 categories of reinforcement)
- So within the social positive category, people may receive attention from others, or they may attain access to some tangible item. It’s considered social because it requires navigation of social rules in order to obtain what you want.
- Social negative can be subdivided into escape and avoidance, so I either get away from something in the environment that bothers me or I avoid ever encountering that thing.
Automatic reinforcement is generally considered to be sensory in nature. So the reinforcers that occur happen within me, and they do not require interaction with the social world in order to obtain them.
- So automatic positive type reinforcers is sensory attainment: so maybe I’m bored, and the behavior I engage in causes some sort of sensations within my body that I find pleasant.
- an automatic negative rids me of some sort of sensory experience that I am having, so perhaps I have a headache, and whatever behavior I am engaging in rids me of that pain.
Functions of Behavior Mnemonic
Positive Reinforcement
A behavior is followed immediately by the presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of the behavior occurring in similar circumstances.
Negative Reinforcement
Process by which a behavior is followed immediately by the removal, termination, reduction or postponement of a stimulus and increases the future frequency of the behavior.
Common Forms of Stereotypical Behavior
