Abdomen Flashcards
(33 cards)
1
Q
Abdominal Wall
A
- Lumbar fascia attaches to lumbar vertebrae
- Perirenal fascia encloses suprarenal glands
- Renal fascia continues laterally as Transversalis fascia
2
Q
Dentition
A
- Deciduous dentition contains 20 teeth (no premolars)
- First deciduous tooth appears at 6 months of age
- Permanent dentition completed by 17 to 21 years
- Incisors are for cutting + biting
- Enamel is insensitive
- First tooth is lower 1st incisor
- Last tooth is 3rd molar
- Dental Caries caused by bacteria action
3
Q
Taste buds
A
- Circumvallate papillae
- Fungiform papillae
- Foliate papillae
- Palate
- Tonsillar Pillars
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Buccal mucosa
4
Q
Oesophagus
A
- Stratified squamous non-keratinizing + simple columnar
- Thin adventitia
- From dorsal part of foregut
- Skeletal and smooth muscle
- Immediately behind LA
- Crossed by:
- AOA
- R. Pulmonary artery
- Hemiazygous vein - Blood supply:
- Cervical part = inf. thyroid artery
- Thoracic part = bronchial arteries + oesophageal branch of aorta
- Abdominal part = left gastric artery branch
5
Q
Oesophageal continence
A
- Right crus of diaphragm
- Longitudinal muscle b/w gastroesophageal junction
- Acute angle b/w gastroesophageal junction
- Intra-abdominal pressure
6
Q
Narrowings seen in Oesophagus
A
- Cricopharyngeus (beginning @ C6)
- Crossing of AOA
- Enlarged LA
- Entry into abdomen
7
Q
Stomach
A
- Simple columnar w/ gastric glands
- Aids in mechanical digestion
- SMA involved
- Is a glandular structure (no villi)
- Fundus is attached to left dome of diaphragm (above costal margin); Contains air in erect posture
- Vagus nerve carries secretomotor fibres to chief cells
- Sensory impulses conveyed through T6 to T10
- Vagotomy used to reduce acid secretions associated with gastric ulcers
- Sympathetic stimulation contracts pyloric sphincter
- Rotates 90° clockwise in development
8
Q
Mechanisms that prevent stomach reflux
A
- encircling fibres of right crus of the diaphragm
- Acute angle of entry of oesophagus into stomach
- Intra-abdominal position of distal part of oesophagus
9
Q
Contents of Stomach Bed
A
- Left crus of diaphragm
- Pancreas
- Aorta with coeliac trunk
- Splenic artery
- Spleen
- Left kidney (upper part)
- Left suprarenal gland
- Transverse colon
10
Q
Liver
A
- 7th to 10th ribs SM-ing
- Left upper border reaches 5th IC space (right = 5th rib)
- Bile canaliculi starts from space of Disse
- Parenchymal cells have prominent nucleoli + micro villi
- Hepatocytes:
- Hexagonal
- Secretes plasma proteins
- Abundant in mitochondria
- Prominent nucleolus in nucleus
- Forms intercellular junctional complex with liver sinusoids - Portal vein:
- POST to neck of pancreas
- ANT to epiploic foramen
- no valves
11
Q
Liver Segments
A
- Based on blood supply
- 8 segments
- Caudate lobe is the 1st segment
- 1st segment supplied by both left and right hepatic arteries
12
Q
Duodenum (1st part)
A
- Gallbladder
- Quadrate lobe
- Gastroduodenal artery
- Portal vein
- IVC
- Bile duct
13
Q
Duodenum (2nd part)
A
- Right liver lobe
- Gallbladder (not immediate)
- Hilum of right kidney
- Hepatic flexure + ascending colon
- Transverse colon (meso also)
- Right ureter
- Head of pancreas (med.)
14
Q
Duodenum (3rd part)
A
- SMA + SMV
- Coils of jejunum
- Root of mesentery
- IVC
- Aorta
- Psoas
- Head of pancreas (sup.)
15
Q
Duodenum (4th part)
A
- Root of mesentery
- Coils of jejunum
- Aorta
- Psoas
- Lumbar sympathetic trunk
- Body of pancreas (sup.)
16
Q
Jejunum & Ileum
A
- Simple columnar w/ goblet cells
- Jejunum:
- More pronounced Plicae circularis
- No submucosal glands
- Long vasa recta in mesentery
- Crypts of Lieberkuhn - Ileum:
- Longest part of SI
- Has submucosal glands
- Short vasa recta in mesentery
- Peyer’s patches
17
Q
Large Intestine
A
- Longitudinal muscle layer is discontinuous (teniae coli)
- Mucosa has simple tubular glands
- Main site of water absorption
- Ascending and descending colon have no mesentery
- Distal 1/3 of transverse colon is derived from hindgut
- Lymph drains into SMN & IMN then into Pre-aortic nodes
18
Q
Pancreas
A
- Developed from endoderm (dorsal bud)
- Head is @ T2 level
- Uncinate process is behind SMA & SMV
- Directly related to lesser sac
- Tail is in splenorenal ligament
- Mainly supplied by splenic artery + vagus nerve
- Duct opens into 2nd part of duodenum
- Contains serous cells in exocrine compartment
19
Q
Spleen
A
- Related to 9-11 ribs
- Medial to left kidney
- Hilum makes contact with tail of pancreas
- Receives blood supply from splenorenal ligament
- Has secondary lymphoid follicles
- Developed from dorsal mesogastrium
20
Q
Gallbladder
A
- Developed from foregut
- Fundus is in transpyloric plane
- Ducts have columnar epithelium
21
Q
Root of mesentery passes by
A
- IVC
- Aorta
- 3rd part of duodenum
- Right ureter
- Right psoas maj.
22
Q
Right hepatorenal pouch communicates with
A
- Lesser sac
- Right subphrenic space
- Right paracolic gutter
23
Q
Foregut
A
- Oesophagus
- Stomach
- Liver
- Gallbladder
- Pancreas
- Proximal duodenum
24
Q
Midgut
A
- Distal duodenum
- Jejunum
- Ileum
- Ascending colon
- Proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
25
Hindgut
- Distal 2/3 of transverse colon
- Descending colon
- Sigmoid colon
26
Septum transversum derivatives
- Central tendon
- Coronary ligament
- Falciform ligament
- Lesser omentum
- Cholangiocytes
- Kupffer cells + haemopoetic cells + connective tissue cells (mesoderm)
27
Boundaries of inguinal canal
- ANT = EO aponeurosis + IO
- POST = conjoint tendon + transversalis fascia
- Floor = inguinal ligament + lacunar ligament
- Roof = transversus abdominis + IO
28
Inguinal Hernia
- common in old + males
- medial to inf. Epigastric vessels = direct (superficial ring)
- lateral to inf. Epigastric vessels = indirect (deep ring)
- above and medial to pubic tubercle
- prevented by:
- Obliquity of Canal
- reinforcement of POST wall by conjoint tendon
- reinforcement of ANT wall by IO
- shutter mechanism of canal
29
Psoas
- POST to ureter
- attached to T12 vertebra
- beneath inguinal ligament
- lateral flexor
- extends to thorax under med. arcuate ligament
30
Psoas Fascia
- extends up to abdomen
- ends @ pelvic brim (no thigh)
- attached to thoracolumbar fascia
- thickening to form med. arcuate ligament (no origin)
31
SI characteristics
- Peyer’s patches (distal ileum)
- Plicae Circularis (pronounced @ jejunum)
- Villi
- Lymphoid follicles
- Brunner’s glands (only in duodenum)
- Centrally positioned
- Diameter < 3cm
- High narrow windows of arterial arcades (jejunum)
32
LI characteristics
- Haustrations
- Semilunar folds
- Appendices epiploicae
- Taeniae Coli (wider in sigmoid colon)
- Faecal shadow in X-Ray
- No villi
33
Retroperitoneal structures
Suprarenal glands
Aorta + IVC
Duodenum (2 & 3)
Pancreas (not tail)
Ureters
Colon (ascending and descending)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
