Thorax Flashcards
(19 cards)
Trachea
- Pseudostratified columnar ciliated w/ goblet cells
- C shaped hyaline cartilage
- Stretches in inspiration
- Recurrent laryngeal nerve is posterolateral
- Cervical and thoracic part equal in length (5 CM)
- Supplied by vagus and recurrent laryngeal nerve (sensory supply)
Heart
- IV septum contains bundle of His
- Muscular part is more prone to congestive disease diseases
- Descending aorta runs to the left of thoracic duct; runs behind the left hilum; gives off subcostal arteries
@ Sternal angle
- AOA
- Superior & inferior mediastinum division
- Pulmonary trunk bifurcation
- Trachea bifurcation
- Midline crossing of thoracic duct
- Drainage of azygous vein into SVC
- Thymus gland
- T4/T5 intervertebral disc
- Prevertebral fascia (Lower limit)
Conducting System
- AV node consists of specialized myocardial cells
- AV node located near opening of coronary sinus
- AV bundle composed of Purkinje fibers
- Right bundle branch enters Septomarginal band
Great Blood Vessels
- Nerve supply is in Tunica adventitia
- SA node contains few myofibrils
- Pericytes have contractile properties
- Blood vessels are derived from mesoderm
- Muscular arteries have no elastic recoil
- Arterioles control peripheral blood flow & have an internal elastic lamina
- Vaso-vasorum present in arteries and veins (no arterioles and capillaries)
- Fenestrated capillaries found in kidneys, intestine, endocrine organs, choroid plexus
VSD
- common due to abnormal development of membranous part of IV septum
- shunting of blood from left to right in early stages
- associated with Fallot’s Tetralogy
- Causes systolic murmur
- Caused by defective migration of neural crest cells
Pneumothorax
- corrected first by needle then tube
- Confirmed by chest x-ray
- Plural filled with air
- Exacerbated by positive pressure ventilation (not the cause)
- Decreased/absent breath sounds
- Causes DOB
Sup. Thoracic Aperture structures
- lung apices
- L. Subclavian a
- thoracic duct
- R & L recurrent laryngeal n.
- Phrenic n.
- sympathetic trunk
Acyanotic Congenital Anomalies
- Aortic stenos
- Pulmonary stenosis
- ASD/VSD
- AV septic defect
- Bicuspid aortic valve
- Patent ductus arteriosus
- Coarction of aorta
- Dextrocardia
- Fallots Tetralogy
Bronchioles
- simple columnar ciliated
- maintain airway resistance (trachea = shape)
- no cartilage, only rings of prominent smooth muscle
- diameter < 1mm
Innate Immunity
- no ability to learn
- common (not specific)
- Involves basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, macrophages (main)
- no lifelong immunity
Endoderm derivatives
- lining epi of GIT
- alveolar parenchyma + lining epi of RT
- liver parenchyma + epi of gallbladder
- exocrine pancreas (acinar cells)
Paraxial Mesoderm derivatives
- vertebral bodies
- ribs
- annular fibrosis of IV discs
Lateral Plate Mesoderm derivatives
Somatic:
- body wall muscles
- parietal pericardium
- parietal pleura
Splanchnic:
- muscles + connective tissue of GIT (cartilage)
- visceral pericardium
- visceral pleura
Neural Crest Cells derivatives
- endocrine secretory cells (Islets of Langerhan)
RCA distribution
RA
RV except near ANT IV groove
LV near POST IV groove
POST 1/3 of IV septum
Whole conducting system except part of left bundle branch
SA node + AV node
LCA distribution
LA
LV except near POST IV groove
RV near ANT IV groove
Part of left bundle branch
ANT 2/3 of IV septum
Openings of diaphragm
T8 (vena caval opening)
- IVC
- phrenic n.
T10 (oesophageal opening)
- oesophagus
- vagal trunks
- oesophageal branches of L. gastric a.
- veins and lymphatics
T12 (aortic opening)
- aorta
- thoracic duct
- azygos vein
Midclavicular line
- midpoint of clavicle
- mid inguinal point
- tip of 9th costal cartilage
- fundus of gallbladder
